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Screening for cervical cancer and its precursors includes assessing cervical cytology and/or testing for oncogenic subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV). In patients with abnormal cervical cancer screening results, follow-up with colposcopy and cervical biopsies may result in a diagnosis of cervica

A Pap test, also called a Pap smear or cervical cytology, is a way of screening for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer screening with Pap and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) tests is recommended starting between the ages of 21 and 25 years. Any person with a cervix should be screened, regardless of gend

A Pap test, also called a Pap smear or cervical cytology, is a way of screening for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer screening with Pap and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) tests is recommended starting between the ages of 21 and 25 years. Any person with a cervix should be screened, regardless of gend

CloseAuthors and Editors in Infectious DiseasesAuthors and Editors in Infectious DiseasesEditors-in-ChiefStephen B Calderwood, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthDeputy EditorsElinor L Baron, MD, DTMHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAllyson Bloom, MDDirector, Editorial Training — UpToDateSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMilana Bogorodskaya, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesPhysicianAllinaHealthSheila Bond, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKeri K Hall, MD, MSDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesJennifer Mitty, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Associate Professor of MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversitySection EditorsJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJohn A Bartlett, MDSection Editor — Global HealthProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical Center, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineEmily A Blumberg, MDSection Editor — Infections in Solid Organ TransplantationProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaMichael Boeckh, MDSection Editor — Compromised Host InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonEric Bow, MDSection Editor – Compromised Host InfectionsProfessorThe University of ManitobaStephen B Calderwood, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolJohanna Daily, MD, MScSection Editor — MalariaProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRafael Esteban, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis BProfessor of MedicineHospital General Valle HebrónThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRoy M Gulick, MD, MPHSection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid C Hooper, MDSection Editor — Antimicrobial DrugsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnthony L Komaroff, MDSection Editor — General MedicineSimcox-Clifford-Higby Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior PhysicianBrigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MAKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityFranklin D Lowy, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor Emeritus of Medicine and Pathology & Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityJeanne Marrazzo, MD, MPH, FACP, FIDSASection Editor — Sexually Transmitted InfectionsProfessor and ChiefUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineLynne M Mofenson, MDSection Editor — HIV and PregnancySenior HIV Technical AdvisorElizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS FoundationTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalMary E Paul, MDSection Editor — Pediatric HIV InfectionAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineJulio A Ramirez, MD, FACPSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityAllen C Steere, MDSection Editor — Lyme DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid L Thomas, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis/HIV CoinfectionDivision ChiefJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAllan R Tunkel, MD, PhD, MACPSection Editor — Central Nervous System InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityC Fordham von Reyn, MDSection Editor — Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthMichael R Wessels, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsJohn F Enders Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEditorial AssistantsBrogan Calkins, BSContent Editing CoordinatorEmily Palmer, BASenior Content Editing AssociateAshley TrotterContent Editing Associate ─ UpToDateAuthorsOssama Abbas, MDProfessorDepartment of DermatologyAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterIain J Abbott, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAInfectious Diseases Physician & Clinical MicrobiologistAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical School and Monash UniversityJudith A Aberg, MDChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesGeorge Baehr Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiHassan Abolhassani, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Karolinska InstitutetDistinguished Honorary Professor Tehran University of Medical SciencesDavid M Aboulafia, MDSection Editor — AIDS-Related MalignanciesSection HeadDivision of Hematology and OncologyVirginia Mason Medical CenterClinical ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonSeattle WashingtonClara Abraham, MDProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityElaine J Abrams, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyColumbia UniversitySteven A Abrams, MDSection Editor — NeonatologyProfessor, Department of PediatricsDell Medical School at the University of Texas at AustinHarry Acquatella, MD, FACC, FAHAProfessor of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaAmesh A Adalja, MD, FACP, FACEP, FIDSASenior ScholarJohns Hopkins Center for Health SecurityLisa V Adams, MDAssociate ProfessorGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthNezam H Afdhal, MD, FRCPIChief of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRabia Agha, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNabil M Ahmed, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineVineet Ahuja, MD, DMProfessor of GastroenterologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesWei Ai, MD, PhDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoPraveen Akuthota, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California, San DiegoMary A Albrecht, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBarbara D Alexander, MD, MHSProfessor of Medicine and Pathology Duke University School of MedicineIrene Alexandraki, MD, MPHSGIM Peer ReviewerSenior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine - PhoenixAndrew F Alexis, MD, MPHSection Editor — Skin of ColorProfessorWeill Cornell MedicineTarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineCatherine K Allan, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolCoburn H Allen, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Dell Medical SchoolBan M Allos, MDAssistant ProfessorVanderbilt University School of MedicineNamasivayam Ambalavanan, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamNeil M Ampel, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaSupplemental ConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaElias Anaissie, MDMedical DirectorCTI Clinical Trial & Consulting ServicesDeverick J Anderson, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJason Andrews, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineInfectious DiseasesStanford MedicineRajesh Aneja, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEmanuele Angelucci, MDHead, Hematology and Transplant UnitIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, GenovaNicholas M Anstey, MBBS, FRACP, PhDInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Darwin Hospital and Menzies School of Health ResearchPatrick J Antonelli, MDGeorge T. Singleton Professor & Chief, Division of Otology University of FloridaAnelechi Anyanwu, MDProfessor and Vice-Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NYValeria Aoki, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of DermatologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolMichael Apicella, MDEmeritus Professor of Microbiology and Internal MedicineThe University of IowaBrian S Appleby, MDDirector, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineDepartments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterMichael D Apstein, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven M Archer, MDProfessorUniversity of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKevin L Ard, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolCesar A Arias, MD, PhDProfessor and Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesHouston Methodist HospitalDavid G Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhDProfessor of Surgery and DirectorSouthwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMark D Aronson, MDEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care (Adult); Hospital MedicineSection Editor — General MedicineProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNaomi Aronson, MDProfessor of MedicineUniformed Services UniversitySanjeev Arora, MD, MACP, FACGDistinguished Professor of MedicineDirector, Project EchoUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAntonio C Arrieta, MD, FIDSA, FPIDSDivision Chief, Infectious Diseases at Children's Hospital of Orange CountyClinical Professor, University of California Irvine Department of PediatricsShai Ashkenazi, MD, MScProfessor of PediatricsAdelson School of Medicine, Ariel UniversityJon C Aster, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolJohn P Atkinson, MDSamuel B Grant Professor of MedicineProfessor of Molecular MicrobiologyDivision of RheumatologyWashington University School of MedicineMichael Auerbach, MD, FACPSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveClinical Professor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicinePaul G Auwaerter, MD, MBA, FIDSASherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAntoine Azar, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineLaura H Bachmann, MD, MPH, FIDSAChief Medical OfficerNational Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB PreventionDivision of STD PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRaffaele Badolato, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of BresciaSeema Baid-Agrawal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineSahlgrenska Medical University, Gothenburg, SwedenJ Kevin Baird, PhDProfessor of MalariologyUniversity of OxfordCarol J Baker, MDProfessor of Pediatrics,McGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center, HoustonJohan S Bakken, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, DuluthZuhair K Ballas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Iowa and Iowa City VAMark Ballow, MDProfessor of PediatricsAll Children's HospitalUniversity of South Florida School of MedicineChantay Banikarim, MD, MPHDirector of Adolescent MedicineSt. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, PhoenixBridget Emily Barber, MBBS, MPH, FRACP, PhDSenior Clinical Research FellowMenzies School of Health ResearchInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalAlan G Barbour, MDProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California Irvine School of MedicineAlan F Barker, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityElizabeth D Barnett, MDProfessor of PediatricsBoston University School of MedicineElinor L Baron, MD, DTMHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineFrederick E Barr, MD, MBAExecutive Vice PresidentChief Clinical and Academic OfficerArkansas Children's HospitalUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLuis F Barroso, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineWake Forest University, Baptist Medical CenterMiriam Baron Barshak, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolWilliam J Barson, MDProfessor of PediatricsThe Ohio State University College of MedicineRashad S Barsoum, MD, FRCP, FRCPEEmeritus Professor of MedicineKasr El-Aini Medical School, Cairo University, EgyptLuther A Bartelt, MDAssistant ProfessorThe University of North Carolina School of MedicineMargaret C Bash, MD, MPHLaboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides OVRR, CBER US Food and Drug AdministrationLaurence S Baskin, MD, FAAPSection Editor — Pediatric UrologyFrank Hinman, Jr, MD, Distinguished Professorship in Pediatric UrologyChief Pediatric UrologyProfessor of Urology and PediatricsUCSF Benioff Children's HospitalStephen G Baum, MDDistinguished Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, & ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineTheresa Becker, DOAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMedical Director, Pediatric Programs Lahey BeverlyExecutive Network DirectorDivision of Emergency MedicineRichard H Beigi, MD, MScProfessor of Reproductive SciencesUPMC Magee Womens HospitalNoleen Bennett, PhD, MPHAssociate ProfessorInfection Control ConsultantVICNISS Coordinating Centre/National Centre for Antimicrobial StewardshipPeter Doherty Institute for Infections and ImmunityMelbourne School of Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneWilliam M Bennett, MDMedical DirectorLegacy Good Samaritan Transplant ServicesEdward J Benz, Jr, MDRichard and Susan Smith Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolElie Berbari, MD, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineNancy Berliner, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolH Franklin Bunn Professor of Hematology and Chief, Division of Hematology Brigham and Women's HospitalDan Berlowitz, MD, MPHProfessorUniversity of Massachusetts-Lowell Department of Public HealthBonnie L Bermas, MDProfessor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterCaryn Bern, MD, MPHProfessor, Global Health SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoEileen Bernal, MDFaculty SurgeonKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaAssistant Clinical ProfessorHerbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International UniversityKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineAnthony Beutler, MDAssociate Medical Director and Program Director, Sports MedicineIntermountain Healthcare, Provo, UTProfessor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University, Bethesda, MDSalman Bhai, MDDirectorNeuromuscular CenterInstitute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineAssistant Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterJanis E Blair, MDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaJack JH Bleesing, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterBenjamin S Bleier, MD, FACS, FARSAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony Bleyer, MD, MSProfessor of Internal Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest University School of MedicineEvan M Bloch, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PathologyAssociate Director, Transfusion MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAllyson Bloom, MDDirector, Editorial Training — UpToDateSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIsaac I Bogoch, MD, DTMH, MSInfectious Diseases SpecialistUniversity Health Network, Toronto General HospitalAssociate ProfessorUniversity of TorontoMilana Bogorodskaya, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesPhysicianAllinaHealthGuy Boivin, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine, Université LavalSheila Bond, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlexandro Bonifaz, MDProfessor and Senior ResearcherHospital General de MéxicoPeter A L Bonis, MDChief Medical Officer of Clinical Effectiveness (UpToDate, Clinical Drug Information, and Emmi Solutions)Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAdjunct Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJulie A Boom, MDProfessorBaylor College of MedicineSuresh B Boppana, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama School of MedicineDavid H Bor, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSusan E Boruchoff, MDProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolMile Bosilkovski, MDClinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile ConditionsProfessor of Infectious DiseasesMedical Faculty, Skopje, Republic of North MacedoniaKaan Boztug, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaConsultant in Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and ImmunologySt. Anna Children's Hospital ViennaRobert W Bradsher, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesMichael T Brady, MDProfessor of PediatricsOhio State University College of MedicineMelinda J Braskett, MDAssistant Professor, Clinical PediatricsDivision of Clinical Immunology and AllergyChildren's Hospital Los AngelesKeck School of Medicine at University of Southern CaliforniaFrancisco Bravo, MDAssociate Professor of Pathology and DermatologyUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaMike Bray, MD, MPHEditor-in-chiefAntiviral ResearchAdjunct ProfessorGeorgetown Medical SchoolJoel G Breman, MD, DTPHSenior Scientist EmeritusFogarty International Center, National Institutes of HealthDaniel C Brennan, MD, FACPEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Kidney TransplantationProfessor of MedicineMedical Director and Co-Director of the Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyJohns Hopkins Medical SchoolCristina Brickman, MD, MSCEAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California, San Francisco*kees Brinkman, MD, PhDProfessorOLVG, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAnnemarie Broderick, MB, BCh, MMedSc, FRCPIAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity College DublinRobert A Brodsky, MDSection Editor — Red Blood Cell DisordersProfessor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityItzhak Brook, MD, MScAdjunct ProfessorGeorgetown University School of MedicineAaron M Brown, MD, FACEPAssistant Professor University of PittsburghCatherine M Brown, DVM, MSc, MPHState Epidemiologist and State Public Health VeterinarianMassachusetts Department of Public HealthHaywood L Brown, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologySenior Associate Vice President Academic Affairs, USF Health, Vice Dean Faculty AffairsAssociate Dean, Diversity, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South Florida, TampaRobert S Brown, Jr, MD, MPHSection Editor — Liver TransplantationVincent Astor Distinguished Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeAmy Bryant, PhDResearch ProfessorIdaho State UniversityJohn M Burkart, MDSection Editor — DialysisEmeritus Professor of Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest School of MedicineDavid L Burns, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMatthew Burton, PhD, MA, MBBCh, DTM&H, MRCP, FRCOphthProfessor of International Eye HealthWellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Clinical MedicineNicholas BuSaba, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of OtolaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolBeatriz Bustamante, MDHead of Mycology LabTropical Medicine Institute "Alexander von Humboldt"Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaManish J Butte, MD, PhDProfessor and Division ChiefDivision of Immunology, Allergy, and RheumatologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesKelly A Cairns, BPharmClinical PharmacistAlfred HealthMichael S Calderwood, MD, MPHChief Quality OfficerDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthAngela M Caliendo, MD, PhDProfessor and Executive Vice Chair of MedicineBrown UniversityJudith R Campbell, MDProfessor of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesBaylor College of MedicinePablo E Campos, MD, MPHInvestigatorInvestigaciones Medicas en SaludFabio Candotti, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Joseph B Cantey, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioThomas Carpenter, MDProfessor of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)Professor of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineCorey Casper, MD, MPHPresident and Chief Executive OfficerInfectious Diseases Research InstituteClinical Professor of Medicine and Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonAffiliate MemberFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterMichelle S Cespedes, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMariam R Chacko, MDDistinguished Professor EmeritusDepartments of Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine and Obstetrics & GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineStephen T Chambers, MB ChB, MSc, MD, FRACPProfessor, Department of PathologyUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchTak-Mao Chan, MD, DSc, FRCPChair Professor & Yu Chiu Kwong Endowed Professor in MedicineUniversity of Hong KongJason Chang Pik Eu, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Gastroenterology & HepatologySingapore General HospitalAssociate ProfessorDuke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeArlene B Chapman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineRichelle C Charles, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTalal Chatila, MDDenise and David Bunning Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolThe Boston Children's HospitalPradip P Chaudhari, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaDivision of Emergency & Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesMelvin D Cheitlin, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoAntonia F Chen, MD, MBADirector of Research, Arthroplasty ServicesBrigham and Women's HospitalAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolKatherine T Chen, MD, MPHProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive ScienceProfessor of Medical EducationIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiSharon Chen, PhD, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAClinical ProfessorSydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyDaniel S Chertow, MD, MPHCAPT USPHSInvestigatorNIH Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAIDIvan K Chinn, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalChristine S Cho, MD, MPH, MEdAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsKeck School of Medicine of University of Southern CaliforniaChildren's Hospital Los AngelesAmit Chopra, MDProfessor of Medicine, Associate Director of Pulmonary FellowshipDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Albany Medical CenterSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalAnthony W Chow, MD, FRCPC, FACPProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVivian H Chu, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterAntonio A T Chuh, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorJC School of Public HealthThe Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Hospital Hong KongKevin C Chung, MD, MSChief of Hand SurgeryCharles B.G de Nancrede Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Health SystemNina M Clark, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of Infectious DiseasesLoyola University Medical CenterMeredith Clement, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistAssistant ProfessorLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New OrleansDennis A Clements, MD, PhD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsDuke UniversityJoannes Clerinx, MD, DTMInstitute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpDavid B Clifford, MDMelba and Forest Seay Professor of Clinical Neuropharmacology in NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisThomas D Coates, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineRebecca Cogswell, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaLauren Cohee, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJeffrey I Cohen, MDNational Institutes of HealthMark L Cohen, MDCo-Director, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineProfessor of Pathology & NeurologyUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterMyron S Cohen, MDProfessor of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology and Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillArnaldo L Colombo, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesHead, Special Mycology LaboratoryFederal University of São PauloPaul Cornia, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSylvia F Costa, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Division of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterScott J Cotler, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of HepatologyLoyola University Medical CenterMorton J Cowan, MDEmeritus Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplant DivisionUniversity of California, San FranciscoGary M Cox, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJ Thomas Cox, MDPast-PresidentAmerican Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP)Jonathan Crews, MD, MSAssistant Professor - Pediatrics Infectious DiseasesBaylor College of MedicineJames E Crowe, Jr, MDDirectorVanderbilt Vaccine CenterProfessorVanderbilt University Medical CenterAndrea T Cruz, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAdam Cuker, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Pathology & Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaCharlotte Cunningham-Rundles, MD, PhDDavid S Gottesman Professor of ImmunologyMount Sinai School of MedicineBlanche Cupido, MBChB, FCP, Cert CardioCardiology ConsultantUniversity of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital and Hatter InstituteGary C Curhan, MD, ScDSection Editor — Chronic Kidney DiseaseEditor-in-Chief EmeritusClinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBart Currie, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Darwin Hospital and Menzies School of Health ResearchJudith S Currier, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesBarbara H Curtis, CNM, MSNMassachusetts General HospitalSusan Cu-Uvin, MDProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and MedicineBrown UniversityEric S Daar, MDProfessor of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAMara Dacso, MD, MSAssistant Professor of DermatologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterJohanna Daily, MD, MScSection Editor — MalariaProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineCharles L Daley, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthReza Dana, MD, MPH, MScClaes Dohlman Professor of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolJasmeen Dara, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoDemetre C Daskalakis, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiJoshua Davis, PhD, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases Physician and ProfessorSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of NewcastleNSW, AustraliaNick Day, DM, FRCPProfessor of Tropical MedicineUniversity of OxfordRichard J de Asla, MDOrthopedic ConsultantMassachusetts General HospitalInstructorHarvard Medical SchoolNirupama K De Silva, MDClinical ProfessorUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterMalcolm R DeBaun, MDOrthopedic Surgery ResidentStanford University School of MedicineMichael R DeBaun, MD, MPHSection Editor — Red Cell DisordersProfessor of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJohn F Deeken, MDProfessorVirginia Commonwealth UniversityPresidentInova Schar Cancer InstituteAlfred DeMaria, Jr, MDMedical and Laboratory ConsultantMassachusetts Department of Public HealthGail J Demmler-Harrison, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineLynette Denny, MD, PhDProfessor Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Cape TownGroote Schuur HospitalDirector of South African Medical Research CouncilGynaecology Cancer Research CentreRichard Derby, MDPrimary Care Sports Medicine HSHS Medical Group, O’Fallon, ILAssistant Professor of Family Medicine/Sports MedicineSt. Louis University Family Medicine Residency ProgramStan Deresinski, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic MedicineStanford UniversityJaime G Deville, MDProfessor of Clinical Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los AngelesAdrian M Di Bisceglie, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis CChief of HepatologySaint Louis University School of MedicineCecilia Di Pentima, MDDirector of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesGoryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health SystemProfessor, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson UniversityLuis A Diaz, MDProfessorDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillKristen Dicks, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMazen M Dimachkie, MDExecutive Vice Chairman & Neuromuscular Division DirectorProfessor – Department of NeurologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterCharles A Dinarello, MDDistinguished Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJodie Dionne-Odom, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of 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Medical CenterJoint Pathology CenterMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChristopher C Dvorak, MDProfessor of PediatricsChief, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology & Bone Marrow TransplantationUniversity of California San FranciscoPeter Dziewulski, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsSt. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Essex, UKKathryn M Edwards, MDSarah H Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterMorven S Edwards, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineRebecca Eisen, PhDResearch BiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCarl-Gustaf Elinder, MD, PhDProfessor and Senior Consultant of Renal MedicineKarolinska Institute, SwedenKevin Emerick, MDAssistant Professor in the Department of Otology and LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolMaurice Enriquez-Sarano, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute FoundationCyril O Enwonwu, ScD, PhD, MDS, BDS, FNAMed, FASEmeritus Professor University of MarylandZerelda Esquer Garrigos, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterAmos Etzioni, MDProfessor Emeritus of Pediatrics and ImmunologyThe Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, HaifaKhoulood Fakhoury, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineCaitlin Farrell, MDInstructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalAlan Fein, MDDirector, Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineNorth Shore University HospitalSteven H Feinsilver, MDProfessor of MedicineZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellThomas Fekete, MDProfessor of Medicine and MicrobiologyTemple University School of MedicineJordan J Feld, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoCaraciolo J Fernandes, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineFernando C Fervenza, MD, PhDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineMaria Isabel Fiel, MD, FAASLDProfessor of PathologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityMichael J Fine, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalKevin R Flaherty, MD, MSSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health SystemSteven Flamm, MDProfessor of MedicineRush Medical CollegeRush University Gary R Fleisher, MDEditor-in-Chief — Adult and Pediatric Emergency MedicineSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsEgan Family Foundation ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolThomas A Fleisher, MDScientist Emeritus, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthExecutive Vice President, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and ImmunologyCourtney V Fletcher, PharmDProfessor, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterPhyllis Flomenberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJefferson Medical CollegePatricia M Flynn, MDMemberSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee, MemphisJ Dennis Fortenberry, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineRégine Fortunov, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMary Glenn Fowler, MD, MPHProfessorJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutesVance G Fowler, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterFabio Francesconi, MDAssistant Professor of DermatologyAmazon Federal University - MedicineClinical Researcher; Coordinator - Dermatology Residence ProgramTropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira DouradoAndrew R Freedman, FRCPReader in Infectious DiseasesCardiff University School of MedicineArnold S Freedman, MDSection Editor — Lymphoproliferative DisordersProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid O Freedman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamStephen Freedman, MDCM, MScProfessor of PaediatricsAlberta Children's Hospital, University of CalgaryAlberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteAlberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and WellnessAlexandra F Freeman, MDSenior ClinicianNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesJoshua Freeman, MBChB, FRCPAClinical MicrobiologistChristchurch Hospital, New ZealandJonathan W Friedberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJames P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of RochesterGerald Friedland, MDProfessor Emeritus of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Public HealthYale School of MedicineHarvey M Friedman, MDProfessorPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaKevin Friedman, MDPediatric Cardiologist, Boston Children's HospitalAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolLloyd N Friedman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineYale School of MedicineN Deborah Friedman, MPH, MBBS, FRACP, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases PhysicianBarwon Health, Geelong, VIC AustraliaTimothy J Friel, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineDavid R Fulton, MDSection Editor — Pediatric CardiologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesJeffrey Gaca, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryDuke University Medical SchoolNajibah A Galadanci, MBBS, MPHDepartment of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHayley Gans, MDProfessorStanford University Medical CenterChristopher Gappy, MDClinical InstructorUniversity of MichiganJuan Carlos Garcia-Pagán, MD, PhDSenior Consultant in Hepatology, Head Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd Associate ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaRavindra Kumar Garg, MD, DM, FRCPProfessor and Head Department of Neurology King George Medical UniversityJoseph Metmowlee Garland, MD, AAHIVSAssociate Professor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityJustus G Garweg, MDProfessor of OphthalmologyUniversity of BernGerd G Gauglitz, MMS, MDDepartment of Dermatology and AllergologyLudwig Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyRobert Gaynes, MDDistinguished Physician and Professor EmeritusEmory University School of MedicineMichael S Gelfand, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee College of MedicineAndrew Gennery, MDProfessor/ConsultantNewcastle UniversityAlex George, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, PediatricsBrenner Children's HospitalWake Forest UniversityKhalil G Ghanem, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDeputy Director of EducationJohns Hopkins Bayview Medical CenterMarc J Gibber, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineAllan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLMProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineAttending Rheumatologist and Co-Director, Clinic for Inflammatory Arthritis and Biologic TherapyHospital for Special SurgeryAttending PhysicianNew York Presbyterian HospitalConsultant PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterDonald L Gilbert, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics and Neurology; Director, Movement Disorders and Tourette Syndrome ClinicsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterSusan L Gillespie, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineOlivia Gillion Boyer, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsPediatric Nephrology, Imagine Institute, Paris-Descartes University, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceHeather L Girand, PharmD, BCPPSProfessor of Pharmacy, PediatricsDepartment Chair, Pharmacy PracticeFerris State University, College of Pharmacy, Grand Rapids, MichiganMarshall J Glesby, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy, and ResearchWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJoel D Glickman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineStephen J Gluckman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePraveen S Goday, MBBSProfessor, Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionNationwide Children's HospitalKhean Jin Goh, MBBS, FRCPFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaEric Goldberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMarcia B Goldberg, MDProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolDon L Goldenberg, MDSection Editor — Pain Disorders in RheumatologyEmeritus Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAffiliate Instructor, Rheumatology Division, Oregon Health Science UniversityAffiliate Instructor, School of Nursing Oregon Health Sciences UniversityIlona T Goldfarb, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolAdam O Goldstein, MD, MPHProfessorDepartment of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillBeth G Goldstein, MDAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillThomas A Golper, MDSection Editor — DialysisProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterAnnekathryn Goodman, MD, MPH, MSProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gynecologic OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalMGH Global Disaster ResponseGeoffrey S Gottlieb, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine/Infectious DiseasesAdjunct Professor of Global HealthUniversity of Washington School of MedicineBarney S Graham, MD, PhDFormer Deputy DirectorViral Pathogenesis ResearchBethesda, MDCamilla S Graham, MDAssistant Professor in Medicine Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAmy L Graziani, PharmDClinical Pharmacist, Infectious DiseasesHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAssociate Professor in Pharmacy, Adjunct FacultyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMeredith Greene, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSaul P Greenfield, MDProfessor of Urology and PediatricsZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellAttending Urologist, Cohen Children’s HospitalDavid E Griffith, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthJerome E Groopman, MDDina and Raphael Recanati Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEyal Grunebaum, MDProfessor in PediatricsUniversity of TorontoNicholas G Guerina, MD, PhDAssistant Clinical ProfessorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityKalpana Gupta, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineChief, Infectious DiseasesBoston VA HCSSadia Haider, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Chief, Division of Family PlanningRush University Medical CenterLaura N Haines, MD, FACSAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California San DiegoKeri K Hall, MD, MSDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesJohn J Halperin, MD, FAAN, FACPProfessor of Neurology & MedicineSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityDepartment of NeurosciencesAtlantic Health System, NJMatthew Hamill, MB ChB, PhD, FRCPAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineMargaret R Hammerschlag, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterMargaret M Hannan, MDFull Clinical ProfessorSchool of MedicineUniversity College, Dublin, IrelandKimberly E Hanson, MD, MHSAssociate ProfessorUniversity of UtahARUP LaboratoriesHordur S Hardarson, MDPhysician, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesDomus Medica Health ClinicEmma Harding-Esch, BA(Hons), MPhil, MSc, PhDAssociate ProfessorLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMarvin Harper, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJason B Harris, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolRobert Harrison, MD, MPHClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoRodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUTHealth, McGovern Medical SchoolC Mary Healy, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineDavid Heiden, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterSan Francisco, CAMedical Director, AIDS Eye InitiativeSeva FoundationBerkeley, CAJennifer Heimall, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaMichael A Heneghan, MD, MMedSc, FRCPIConsultant Hepatologist & Professor of HepatologyClinical Director for Liver ServicesInstitute of Liver Studies, King's College HospitalVivian P Hernandez-Trujillo, MDClinical Associate Professor of PediatricsHerbert Wertheim School of MedicineFlorida International UniversityDean Hess, RRT, PhD, FAARC, FCCMManaging EditorLecturerNortheastern UniversityRespiratory Care, Massachusetts General HospitalScott K Heysell, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Infectious Diseases and International HealthUniversity of VirginiaPatricia L Hibberd, MD, PhDChair, Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthCharles B Hicks, MDProfessor of Medicine (Voluntary Faculty)University of California, San DiegoWhitney A High, MDProfessor of Dermatology and PathologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineHarry R Hill, MDEmeritus Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics and Adjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSusan L Hills, MBBS, MTHMedical EpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionBrian Hjelle, MDProfessor of Pathology (Emeritus)University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlejandro Hoberman, MDDistinguished Service Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineBruno Hoen, MD, PhDProfessorInstitut PasteurMary Beth Hogan, MDProfessor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineElizabeth L Hohmann, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven M Holland, MDDirector, Intramural ResearchNIAIDLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDThomas L Holland, MDAssociate ProfessorDuke University Medical CenterLori R Holtz, MD, MSPHAssociate ProfessorWashington University School of MedicineMarisa Holubar, MD, MSClinical Associate Professor Stanford UniversityDavid C Hooper, MDSection Editor — Antimicrobial DrugsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHeidi Hopkins, MDAssociate Professor in Malaria & DiagnosticsLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineAmy Horneman, PhD, MS, SM (ASCP)Director, Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics (retired)VA Maryland Health Care SystemC Robert Horsburgh, Jr, MD, MUSProfessor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and MedicineBoston University School of Public HealthEric W Hossler, MDAssociateDepartments of Dermatology and PathologyGeisinger Medical CenterRobert W Hostoffer, DO, LhD, MSMed, MBA, FACOP, FAAP, FACOI, FCCPAssociate ProfessorCase Western Reserve UniversityProfessorLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineRenee M Howard, MDProfessor of DermatologyUniversity of California, San Francisco*katherine Hsu, MD, MPH, FAAPMedical DirectorMassachusetts Department of Public HealthProfessor of Pediatrics / Attending PhysicianBoston University Medical CenterLinden Hu, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJohn T Huggins, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaBrenna L Hughes, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityJames M Hughes, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineEmory UniversityVania Hungria, MD, PhDClinica São GermanoSão Paulo, BrazilPeter H Hwang, MDProfessorChief, Division of RhinologyDepartment of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineEmily P Hyle, MDAssistant Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMassimo Imazio, MD, FESCContract Professor of CardiologyHead of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", ASUFC, Udine, ItalyHannah Imlay, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineStuart N Isaacs, MDAssociate ProfessorPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaGeoffrey K Isbister, MDProfessor, Clinical Toxicology Research GroupUniversity of Newcastle, AustraliaMichael G Ison, MD, MSProfessor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ TransplantationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineClaire Italiano, MBBS, FRACP, DTMH, MPHTMInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Perth Hospital, AustraliaAlan C Jackson, MD, FRCPCProfessor of Internal Medicine Head of the Section of NeurologyUniversity of ManitobaJesse T Jacob, MDProfessor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Emory University School of MedicineDeborah S Jacobs, MDSection Editor — OphthalmologyAssociate Professor of Ophthalmology, Part-TimeHarvard Medical SchoolMark A Jacobson, MDClinical Health Sciences Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoIbrahim A Janahi, MDProfessor of PediatricsWeill-Cornell Medical College, QatarDawn Jaroszewski, MD, MBA, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryMayo Clinic ArizonaWilhelmina D JenkinsPatient Perspective Author – Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome#ME Action GeorgiaCraig Jensen, MDSection Editor — Pediatric GastroenterologyAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineRavi Jhaveri, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineInterim Division Head, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoMark D Joffe, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJacob John, MDProfessor of Community MedicineChristian Medical College Vellore, IndiaKaren E Johnson, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineKimberly S Johnson, MDProfessorDivision of Geriatric MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMelissa Johnson, PharmDClinical PharmacistDuke University Medical CenterGrace John-Stewart, MDProfessorUniversity of WashingtonChristine Johnston, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonStephen Jolles, BSc Hons, MBChB Hons, MSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPathConsultant Clinical Immunologist & Honorary Senior LecturerImmunodeficiency Centre for WalesUniversity Hospital of WalesJeanne A Jordan, PhDProfessorSchool of Public HealthThe George Washington UniversityNaima T Joseph, MD, MPH, MADivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School, Boston MAJose Joseph-Vempilly, MDProfessor of MedicineUCSF, FresnoSoma C Jyonouchi, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of PennsylvaniaMichelle C Kaku, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyProgram Director, Neurology ResidencyBoston UniversityVenkat Kalapatapu, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryDivision of Vascular SurgeryPenn Presbyterian Medical CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemSiripen Kalayanarooj, MDProfessor of PediatricsRangsit UniversityConsultant, WHO Collaborating Centre for Case Management of Dengue/DHF/DSSQueen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (QSNICH)Nassim Kamar, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology and Organ TransplantationToulouse University Hospital, FranceAdeeba Kamarulzaman, MBBS, FRACPFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaZeina A Kanafani, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterRobert J Kaner, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversitySouha S Kanj, MDProfessor of MedicineHead of Infectious DiseasesChairperson, Infection Control ProgramCo-director, Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterLawrence D Kaplan, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSheldon L Kaplan, MDEditor-in-Chief — PediatricsSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor Baylor College of MedicineAdolf W Karchmer, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolShannon Kasperbauer, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolJonathan Kay, MDProfessor of Medicine and Population & Quantitative Health SciencesTimothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson Chair in RheumatologyDirector of Clinical Research, RheumatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolKeith Kaye, MD, MPHChief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolMartha Ann Keels, DDS, PhDAdjunct Associate Professor in PediatricsDuke University Medical CenterAdjunct Professor in Pediatric DentistryUniversity of North Carolina, Adams School of DentistryAnuwat Keerasuntornpong, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesSiriraj Hospital Mahidol University, BangkokMichael Keller, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesDivision of Allergy and ImmunologyChildren's National HospitalCiarán P Kelly, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolArthur Y Kim, MD, FIDSAAssociate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolKatherine Yudeh King, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorPediatric Infectious DiseasesStem Cells and Regenerative Medicine CenterBaylor College of MedicineTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoJeffrey D Klausner, MD, MPHClinical Professor of Medicine, Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaRobyn S Klein, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDMichael Klompas, MD, MPHProfessor of Population MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul E Klotman, MDPresident, CEO, and Executive DeanBaylor College of MedicineAlan P Knutsen, MDDirector, Pediatric Allergy and ImmunologyDirector, Jeffery Modell Diagnostic & Research Center for Primary ImmunodeficienciesProfessor of PediatricsSt. Louis University Health Sciences CenterDonald B Kohn, MDProfessor, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics; Pediatrics; and Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesTsoline Kojaoghlanian, MDAssistant ProfessorMaimonides Children's HospitalMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineIgor J Koralnik, MDArchibald Church Professor of NeurologySection Chief, Neuro-Infectious Diseases & Global NeurologyNorthwestern UniversityCamille N Kotton, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Kozal, MDProfessor and Senior Associate Dean for Veteran AffairsStanford School of MedicineChief of StaffVA Palo Alto HealthcareDouglas Krakower, MDBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolResearch ScientistThe Fenway InstitutePeter J Krause, MDSenior Research ScientistYale School of Public Health and Yale School of MedicineSanjeev Krishna, MA, BMChB, DPhil, FRCP, ScD, FMedSciProfessorSt. George's, University of LondonGuha Krishnaswamy, MD, FACP, FCCP, FACAAI, FAAAI, CC-DProfessor of Medicine and Infectious DiseasesWake Forest University School of MedicinePaul A Krogstad, MDResearch Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAAttila Kumánovics, MDDirector, Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicSuresh Kumar, MBBS, DA, Dip Pall, MADirector, WHO Collaborating Center for Community Participation in Palliative Care and Long Term Care, Institute of Palliative MedicineMedical College, Calicut, Kerala, IndiaPreeta K Kutty, MD, MPHMedical EpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionA Desiree LaBeaud, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesStanford UniversitySylvia M LaCourse, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonMichelle Lai, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterTahaniyat Lalani, MBBS, MHSAssociate ProfessorUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTimothy R LaPine, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineAlfred A Lardizabal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNew Jersey Medical SchoolRegina LaRocque, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnne M Larson, MD, FACP, FAASLD, AGAFClinical Professor of MedicineClinic ChiefUW Medicine/NWH HepatologyNorthwest Hospital and Medical CenterRichard A Larson, MDEditor-in-Chief — HematologySection Editor — LeukemiaProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineAnna Last, BMedSc, MBChB, MRCP, DTMH, PhDAssociate Professor of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMiriam K Laufer, MD, MPHProfessor, Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLaura Laursen, MD, MSAssistant ProfessorRush University Medical SchoolHakan Leblebicioglu, MD, ESCMID FellowProfessor of Infectious Diseases & Clinical MicrobiologySamsun VM Medicalpark Hospital, Samsun, TurkeyKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityHannah Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMedical College of VirginiaLois K Lee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPui Y Lee, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMatthew R Leibowitz, MDChief of the Division of Infectious DiseasesNewton-Wellesley HospitalMichael D Leise, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineVeerle Lejon, PhDIntertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementCIRAD, University of MontpellierDeborah J Lenschow, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisJorge Leon-Villapalos, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsChelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UKAlyssa R Letourneau, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School Director, MGH Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramDaniel T Leung, MD, MSc, FASTMH, FIDSAAssociate Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Utah School of MedicineFraser J Leversedge, MDProfessor and Chief, Section of Hand, Wrist and Elbow SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of MedicineJessica Levi, MDAssistant Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryAssistant Professor in the Department of PediatricsBoston University/Boston Medical CenterMyron J Levin, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoAnschutz Medical CampusOfer Levy, MD, PhDDirector, Precision Vaccines ProgramProfessor, Harvard Medical SchoolRussell E Lewis, PharmD, FCCPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of BolognaSarah S Lewis, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterHoward Libman, MD, FACPProfessor of Medicine, EmeritusHarvard Medical SchoolAjit P Limaye, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonCharles J Limb, MDFrancis A Sooy ProfessorChief, Division of Otology, Neurotology and Skull Base SurgeryDirector, Douglas Grant Cochlear Implant CenterUniversity of California, San Francisco School of MedicineAndrew H Limper, MDProfessor of Pulmonary MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineAndreas Lindner, MD, MSc, DTMHInstitute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, CharitéUniversity Medicine Berlin, GermanyBenjamin A Lipsky, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FRCP (London), FRCPS (Glasg)Emeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonM Kathryn Liszewski, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineCharles J Lockwood, MD, MHCMSection Editor — ObstetricsSenior Vice President, USF Health Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South FloridaAnna SF Lok, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolFred A Lopez, MDRichard Vial Professor and Vice ChairLouisiana State University School of MedicineRogelio Lopez-Velez, MD, DTMH, PhDAssociate ProfessorAlcala UniversityNational Referral Unit for Tropical DiseasesRamón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, SpainFranklin D Lowy, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor Emeritus of Medicine and Pathology & Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityGregory M Lucas, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityLawrence R Lustig, MDHoward W. Smith Professor and Chair of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck SurgeryColumbia University Medical CenterDavid Mabey, BM, BCh, DM, FRCPProfessor of Communicable DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineCharles G Macias, MD, MPHChief Quality Officer/Vice Chair Quality & Safety-University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's HospitalProfessor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve UniversityBenedito C Maciel, MD, FACCFull Professor of MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilGraeme MacLaren, MBBS, MSc, FRACP, FCICMCritical care physicianNational University Hospital, SingaporeTessa Madden, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University in St. Louis, School of MedicineLawrence C Madoff, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolCiro P Maguina, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaSteven Mahlen, PhD, D(ABMM)Clinical MicrobiologistSanford HealthBismarck, North DakotaYvonne A Maldonado, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Health Research and Policy Stanford University School of MedicineSimon A Mallal, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAProfessor of Medicine & Pathology, Immunology & MicrobiologyMajor E.B. Stahlman Chair in Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterDirectorInstitute for Immunology & Infectious DiseasesAndrew Malone, MB, BCh, MRCPIAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of NephrologyDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineEwelina Mamcarz, MDAssociate Member, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cellular TherapySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMark J Manary, MDHelene B Roberson Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. LouisLaurent Mandelbrot, MDChair of Obstetrics and GynecologyLouis Mourier HospitalProfessor of MedicineUniversité de ParisMichael K Mansour, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts General HospitalKalpana Manthiram, MD, MSCIAssistant Clinical InvestigatorNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthDror Marchaim, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityDirector of Infection Control and Prevention UnitShamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical CenterPaola Marchisio, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of MilanBeatriz E Marciano, MDLaboratory of Clinical Infectious DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthNorman E Marcon, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoErin N Marcus, MD, MPH, FACPProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineJ Antonio Marin-Neto, MD, PhD, FACCFull Professor of MedicineHead, Interventional Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilTal Marom, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgerySamson Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Faculty of Health SciencesBen Gurion University of the NegevLucila Marquez, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsPediatric Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of MedicineChristina M Marra, MDProfessor of Neurology, Adjunct Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Washington School of MedicineRebecca Marsh, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of Clinical PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineDavid H Martin, MDAdjunct Professor of EpidemiologyTulane School of Public HealthHarry E Dascomb, MD Professor of Medicine Emeritus Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology EmeritusLSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LouisianaJose Dario Martinez Villarreal, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and DermatologyUniversity Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, School of MedicineErin Mathes, MDProfessor of DermatologyDepartments of Dermatology and PediatricsUniversity of California, San FranciscoTej K Mattoo, MD, DCH, FRCPSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of MedicineProfessor of Urology, Wayne State University School of MedicineToby Maurer, MDProfessor of DermatologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineD Byron May, PharmDProfessorCampbell University College of Pharmacy & Health SciencesKenneth H Mayer, MDInfectious Disease Attending and Director of HIV Prevention ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMedical Research DirectorThe Fenway InstituteKenneth L McClain, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineDirector of the Histiocytosis Program, Texas Children's HospitalMicah T McClain, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesDuke University Medical CenterL Clifford McDonald, MDAssociate Director for ScienceCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMalcolm McDonald, PhD, FRACP, FRCPAAdjunct ProfessorCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University, Queensland, AustraliaPatrick T McGann, MD, MSLifespan Sickle Cell Program DirectorRhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children’s HospitalSarah L McGuinness, MBBS, MPHTM, FACTM, FRACPInfectious Diseases PhysicianAlfred Hospital, AustraliaLecturerSchool of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash University, AustraliaKenneth McIntosh, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJ Chase McNeil, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasPaul Mead, MD, MPHChief, Bacterial Diseases BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionRobert T Means, Jr, MD, MACPSection Editor — Red Blood Cell DisordersProfessor of Internal MedicineJames H Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityRojelio Mejia, MDAssistant Professor of Infectious Diseases and PediatricsNational School of Tropical MedicineBaylor College of MedicineDick Menzies, MD, MScProfessor of Medicine and of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsMontreal Chest Institute, McGill UniversityJessica Merlin, MDPhD AssociateUniversity of PittsburghKevin Messacar, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoJulia A Messina, MD, MHS, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityGeorge W Meyer, MD, MACP, MACGClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineAndrew J Meyr, DPMClinical ProfessorTemple University School of Podiatric MedicineAlain Meyrier, MDProfessor of Medicine (Emeritus)Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, FranceWilliam R Miller, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHouston Methodist Academic Institute and Weill Cornell Medical CollegeDanny A Milner, Jr, MD, MSc(Epi)Chief Medical OfficerAmerican Society for Clinical PathologyJeffrey E Ming, MD, PhDAdjunct Assistant Professor of PediatricsThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineChrisAnna M Mink, MDClinical Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLACaroline Mitchell, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical School Director, Vulvovagin*l Disorders ClinicMassachusetts General HospitalOriol Mitjà, MD, PhD, DTMHAssociate ProfessorHospital Germans Trias i Pujol, University of BarcelonaJennifer Mitty, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Associate Professor of MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRonald P Mlcak, PhD, MBA, RRT, FAARCAssociate Professor Respiratory CareUTMB HealthJohn F Modlin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthRebekah Moehring, MD, MPHAssociate Professor Duke University Medical CenterPayam Mohammadinejad, MDResearch FellowMayo Clinic College of MedicineBruce A Molitoris, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineThomas P Monath, MD, FACP, FASTMHAdjunct Professor (Emeritus)Harvard School of Public HealthSean R Moore, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PediatricsDirector of Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & NutritionUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineTerry L Moore, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologySaint Louis UniversityAntonio J Moretti, DDS, MSProfessor, Division of Comprehensive Oral HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of DentistryPedro L Moro, MD, MPHEpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionArthur Morris, MD, D(ABMM), FRCPAClinical MicrobiologistAuckland Hospital, New ZealandJ Glenn Morris, Jr, MD, MPHTMProfessor of MedicineDirector, Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaVicki A Morrison, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaStaff Physician, Hematology/OncologyHennepin HealthcareCO Morrissey, MB, BCh, FRACP, Grad Dip (Clin Epi), PhDAdjunct Senior Lecturer, Monash UniversityThe Alfred Hospital, Victoria, AustraliaMarion Muche, MDCharité - Medical University, Berlin, GermanyAndrew J Muir, MD, MHSChief of Gastroenterology at Duke UniversityFlor M Munoz, MD, MScAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineL Silvia Munoz-Price, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinDavid Murdoch, MD, MSc, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPA, FFSc(RCPA)Clinical Microbiologist and Infectious Diseases PhysicianUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchMichele E Murdoch, BSc, FRCPConsultant DermatologistWatford General HospitalTimothy F Murphy, MDSUNY Distinguished ProfessorUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkBarbara E Murray, MDProfessor of Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical SchoolJohn C Murray, MDProfessor of Medicine (Dermatology)Duke University Medical CenterDaniel M Musher, MDProfessor of Medicine, Professor of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineJukka Mustonen, MD, PhDFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University, FinlandElie Naddaf, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyMayo ClinicMaria A Nagel, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Colorado Denver School of MedicineJames P Nataro, MD, PhD, MBABenjamin Armistead Shepherd Professor and ChairUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineRobert S Negrin, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineFrancesco Negro, MDProfessor of Gastroenterology and hepatologyUniversity Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandJoanna Nelson, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineStanford University Medical SchoolSandra Nelson, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate PhysicianMassachusetts General HospitalRemi Neviere, MDProfessorUniversity Hospital CHU of MartiniquePatrick Niaudet, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of PediatricsHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceMaribeth R Nicholson, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterTim Niehues, MDProfessor of PediatricsHELIOS Klinikum KrefeldAcademic Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityKarin Nielsen-Saines, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUCLA Mattel Children's Hospital David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAPeter A Nigrovic, MDPrince Turki Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolChief, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalLisa Noonan, MSc, MBChB, DTMH, FRACP, MIDIInfectious Diseases PhysicianLiverpool Hospital, Sydney, AustraliaLuigi D Notarangelo, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyBethesda, MDMarcio Nucci, MDProfessor of MedicineFederal University of Rio de JaneiroHans D Ochs, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonMichael A O'Donnell, MD, FACSProfessor of UrologyUniversity of IowaDonough J O'Donovan, MDClinical Lecturer in PediatricsNational University of Ireland, GalwayMyoung-don Oh, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicinePuneet Opal, MD, PhDProfessor of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityJordan S Orange, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — Allergy and ImmunologySection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsColumbia UniversityEloy E Ordaya, MDChief Medical Resident University of MinnesotaRobert C O'Reilly, MDChief Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, A.I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenProfessor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson UniversityWalter A Orenstein, MDAssociate DirectorEmory Vaccine CenterProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyEmory UniversityDennis P Orgill, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolPamela H Orr, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaErik Ortega, MDAssistant ProfessorBarrow Neurological InstituteMiguel G O'Ryan, MDProfessor, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileDouglas R Osmon, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineDavid Ost, MD, MPHProfessor, Department of Pulmonary MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterChristopher P Ouellette, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsNationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State UniversityMeera Pahuja, MDAssistant ProfessorVirginia Commonwealth University Hospital SystemRekha Pai Mangalore, MBBS, FRACP, MPH, DTM&HInfectious Diseases SpecialistAlfred Health, MelbourneVernon M Pais, Jr, MD, MSProfessor of Surgery/UrologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthDebra L Palazzi, MD, MEdProfessor of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases SectionBaylor College of MedicineJoel M Palefsky, MDProfessorUniversity of California San FranciscoPast President, International Papillomavirus SocietyPast President, International Anal Neoplasia SocietyScott M Palmer, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalMohan Pammi, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineLiron Pantanowitz, MDA. James French Professor of PathologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIDiane E Pappas, MD, JDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineKenneth Paris, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsLSU Health Sciences Center New OrleansMark S Pasternack, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolZara M Patel, MDProfessorDivision of RhinologyDepartment of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineThomas F Patterson, MD, FACP, FIDSAChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDirector, San Antonio Center for Medical MycologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSassan Pazirandeh, MDDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKaiser Permanente Medical CenterTrisha Peel, MD, MBBSInfectious Diseases PhysicianAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityP Samuel Pegram, MD, FACPProfessor Emeritus of MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineJeffrey F Peipert, MD, PhDClarence E. Ehrlich Professor and ChairDepartment of Obstetrics & GynecologyIndiana University School of MedicineStephen I Pelton, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyBoston University Schools of Medicine and Public HealthRobert L Penn, MDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesLouisiana State University School of Medicine in ShreveportElena E Perez, MD, PhDAssociateAllergy Associates of the Palm BeachesJohn R Perfect, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterFerande Peters, MBBCH FCP(SA) FESC FACC FRCP (London)Associate ProfessorDivision of Cardiology, Flora ClinicCardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaEskild Petersen, MD, DMSc, DTM&HProfessor, ConsultantSpecialist of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineAarhus University Hospital Skejby, DenmarkLyle R Petersen, MD, MPHDirectorDivision of Vector-borne Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCathy A Petti, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaMichael A Pfaller, MDProfessor Emeritus, Department of PathologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineHerb A Phelan, MD, MSCSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Burns/Trauma/Critical CareUT Southwestern Medical CenterParkland Memorial HospitalElizabeth J Phillips, MD, FRCPC, FRACP, FIDSA, FAAAAISection Editor — Drug AllergyProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyJohn A Oates Chair in Clinical ResearchVanderbilt University Medical CenterSarah M Phillips, MS, RD, LDInstructor of Pediatric GastroenterologyBaylor College of MedicineMichael E Pichichero, MDDirector, Research InstituteRochester General HospitalPedro A Piedra, MDProfessor of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAndrew A Pieper, MD, PhDInvestigator, The Harrington Discovery Institute Professor of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve UniversityVirginia M Pierce, MDClinical Associate Professor of PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolMark Pietroni, MA, FRCP, FFPH, DTM&HVisiting ProfessorUniversity of the West of EnglandVisiting ProfessorUniversity of BristolSorin Pislaru, MD, PhDSection Editor —Valve DiseaseProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular DiseasesMayo ClinicCraig D Platt, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolStaff Physician, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalPaul J Pockros, MDDirector, Liver Disease CenterScripps ClinicDirector, SC Liver Research ConsortiumChristopher R Polage, MDAssociate Professor of PathologyDuke University School of MedicineTodd M Pollack, MDAssistant Professor in Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolWendy J Pomerantz, MD, MSCo-Director, Injury Free Coalition of Greater CincinnatiProfessor of Clinical PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiDaniela Ponce, PhDAssistant Professor of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESPReuven Porat, MDProfessor of MedicineTel Aviv University School of MedicineJacquelyn M Powers, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAnton Pozniak, MD, FRCPTuberculosis Lead PhysicianChelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustGlenn M Preminger, MDSection Editor — Renal Ureteral StonesProfessor of Urologic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterDirector of EducationEndourological SocietyGregory A Price, PhDMicrobiologist/InspectorUS Food and Drug AdministrationRic Price, MDProfessor of Tropical MedicineUniversity of OxfordJennifer M Puck, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Francisco*karen M Puopolo, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineJohn Quale, MDProfessor of MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterFlavio Queiroz-Telles, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Public Health, Hospital de ClinicasFederal University of Parana, Curitiba, BrazilCharles T Quinn, MD, MSProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterThomas C Quinn, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins Medical InstituteRubén E Quirós-Tejeira, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and SurgeryUniversity of NebraskaJai Radhakrishnan, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterFrederic F Rahbari-Oskoui, MD, MSCRProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAli Raja, MD, MBA, MPHProfessor, Mooney-Reed Endowed Chair, and Executive Vice ChairHarvard Medical School and Massachusetts General HospitalPriya Rajendran, MDClinical InstructorUniversity of California, San FranciscoJulio A Ramirez, MD, FACPSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleAnis Rassi, Jr, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACPScientific DirectorAnis Rassi HospitalGoiânia, Goiás, BrazilSivakumar R Rathinam, FAMS, PhDProfessor of Ophthalmology and Head of uveitis serviceAravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of OphthalmologyAnnette C Reboli, MDProfessor of MedicineCooper Medical School of Rowan UniversityD Nageshwar Reddy, MDDirector & Chief GastroenterologistAsian Institute of GastroenterologyHyderabad, IndiaLee B Reichman, MD, MPHSenior Advisor and Past Executive DirectorRutgers Global Tuberculosis InstituteXiushui Ren, MDAssociate Research Director, Cardiology FellowshipCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterHans-Oliver Rennekampff, MDProfessor of Plastic SurgeryRhein-Maas KlinikumAachen WürselenGermanyNima Rezaei, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical ImmunologyTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranChanu Rhee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Population Medicine and MedicineHarvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's HospitalPhillip L Rice, Jr, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Richards, MD, FRACPDirector, Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceDirector, VICNISS Coordinating Centre for Surveillance of Healthcare-associated InfectionsThe Royal Melbourne HospitalNicholas L Rider, DOAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Allergy and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineKees Rietmeijer, MD, PhD, MSPHProfessor Community and Behavioral HealthColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverLaura E Riley, MDChair, Obstetrics and Gynecology Weill Cornell MedicineObstetrician and Gynecologist-in-ChiefNewYork-Presbyterian HospitalLee W Riley, MDProfessor of Infectious Diseases and EpidemiologyUniversity of California at BerkeleyBryan Ristow, MD, FACC, FASE, FACPAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoDirector of Echocardiography Laboratory, Contra Costa Regional Medical CenterDavid J Roberts, MA, MB, D PhilProfessor of HematologyNuffield Dept of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of OxfordSally Roberts, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPAInfectious Diseases Physician and Clinical MicrobiologistAuckland HospitalPaul Robertson, MRCP, FRCPathConsultant MicrobiologistUniversity Hospital Crosshouse, KilmarnockNHS Ayrshire and ArranWilliam R Robinson, MDProfessor of Gynecologic Oncology and Hematology/Oncology University of Mississippi Medical CenterDario Roccatello, MDProfessor of Nephrology and Clinical PathologyUniversity of Turin Medical SchoolJürgen Kurt Rockstroh, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyMartin Rodriguez, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamMaria C Rodriguez-Barradas, MDProfessor of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineStephen J Rogerson, PhDProfessorDepartment of Infectious Diseases, the Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneChaim M Roifman, CM, MD, FRCPC, FCACBProfessor of Pediatrics and ImmunologyUniversity of Toronto, CanadaKathleen S Romanowski, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaDavis and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern CaliforniaJosé R Romero, MD, FAAP, FIDSA, FPIDS, FAAASDirector, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory VirusesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAnne Rompalo, MDProfessorJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineStephanie T Ros, MDAssociate Professor of Maternal-Fetal MedicineUniversity of South FloridaJonathan Ross, MDProfessor of Sexual Health and HIVDepartment of Sexual Health and HIVUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustLionel Rostaing, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis, and Renal TransplantationGrenoble Alpes University Hospital, FranceAlan L Rothman, MDProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandFlorence Roufosse, MDErasme Hospital, Department of Internal MedicineUniversite Libre de Bruxelles, BelgiumJohn M Routes, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology/ImmunologyDepartment of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Medical College of WisconsinJames L Rubenstein, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/OncologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoJennifer Rubin Grandis, MDDistinguished Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoMichelle Ruha, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Emergency MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine, PhoenixBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoAnthony S Russell, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamGeorge Sakoulas, MDProfessorUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineJohn H Sampson, MD, PhD, MBARobert H. and Gloria Wilkins Distinguished Professor of NeurosurgeryProfessor of Biomedical Engineering, Immunology, and PathologyChair, Department of NeurosurgeryDuke University Medical CenterCharles V Sanders, MDProfessor of Medicine, Emeritus Louisiana State University School of Medicine New OrleansCarlos AQ Santos, MD, MPHSAssociate Professor of MedicineRush University Medical CenterChristina Sarubbi, PharmD, BCPSPharmacy ManagerClinical and Ambulatory Services University of North Carolina Rex HealthcareDeirdre Sawinski, MD, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegePaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRichard J Scarfone, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaMorris Schambelan, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoWiley A Schell, MSAssociate Professor in MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJohn S Schieffelin, MD, MSPHAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsTulane University School of MedicineNelson B Schiller, MD, FACC, FRCP, FASESection Editor — Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress TestingProfessor of Medicine and Anesthesia University of California, San FranciscoNeil W Schluger, MDBarbara and William Rosenthal Professor and ChairmanNew York Medical CollegeAndre Schmidt, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineHead, Cardiology DivisionMedical School of Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo, BrazilSteven K Schmitt, MD, FIDSAStaff PhysicianAssociate Professor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineThomas Schneider, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineCharite, Campus Benjamin Franklin, BerlinRobert T Schoen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineAsher J Schranz, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineAmy Schwartz, MPHEpidemiologistBacterial Diseases BranchDivision of Vector-Borne DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJoseph D Schwartzman, MDProfessor of PathologyDartmouth Hitchco*ck Medical CenterDavid Scollard, MD, PhDCo-Editor, International Textbook of LeprosyAdvisory Board, Heiser Foundation for Leprosy ResearchSteering Committee, Leprosy Research InitiativeCynthia L Sears, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCarlos Seas, MD, FIDSAAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaMarkus G Seidel, MDProfessor of Translational Pediatric Hematology and ImmunologyMedical University of GrazJessica Seidelman, MD, MPHMedical InstructorDuke University School of MedicinePeter A Selwyn, MD, MPHProfessor and Chairman, Department of Family and Social MedicineMontefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineArlene C Seña, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChristine M Seroogy, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin Medical SchoolSanjay Sethi, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division Chief, Pulmonary/Critical Care/Sleep MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkSanjeev Sethi, MD, PhDProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineMehmet S Sever, MDProfessor of MedicineIstanbul School of MedicineDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterKarl Seydel, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorMichigan State College of Osteopathic MedicineNader Shaikh, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEugene D Shapiro, MD, FAAPProfessor of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and Public Health and Investigative MedicineYale University School of MedicineAbdu A Sharkawy, MD, FRCPCAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoJeanne S Sheffield, MDProfessor, Division Director, Maternal-Fetal MedicineDept. Gynecology and ObstetricsJohns Hopkins MedicineNadine Shehata, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineDepartments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and PathologyDivision of HematologyUniversity of TorontoErica S Shenoy, MD, PhD, FIDSA, FSHEAAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Chief, Infection Control Unit, MGHMedical Director, Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center, MGHMeagan W Shepherd, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineKenneth E Sherman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineAvinash Shetty, MDProfessor of PediatricsWake Forest University School of MedicineDalton E Sholter, MD, FRCPCAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaLaura Simionescu, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUpstate Medical University and University HospitalMarcus V Simões, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineCardiology Division, Department of Internal MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilDavid M Simpson, MDProfessor of NeurologyDirector, Neuromuscular Disorders DivisionDirector, Clinical Neurophysiology LaboratoriesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMaria J Small, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke University Medical CenterGerald W Smetana, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBecky A Smith, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJohn Kelly Smith, MDFellow and Laureate ACP, Fellow American Association of Certified AllergistEmeritus Professor of MedicineJames H Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityHannah F Smitherman, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsPediatric Clerkship DirectorBurnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian UniversityAttending Physician, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Cook Children's HospitalScott B Snapper, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJack D Sobel, MDProfessorWayne State University School of MedicinePatrick Soentjens, MDInstitute of Tropical Medicine, AntwerpCentre for Infectious DiseasesMilitary Hospital, BrusselsM Rizwan Sohail, MDProfessor of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineRoland Solensky, MDLecturerOregon State University/Oregon Health and Science University College of PharmacyTom Solomon, FRCP, PhDProfessor of Neurological ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolMary Beth F Son, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolEunkyung Song, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsNationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State UniversityMadhuri M Sopirala, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterTania C Sorrell, MDProfessor of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Director of the Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologySydney Medical School, University of SydneyFrederick S Southwick, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of FloridaDavid H Spach, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonMichael E Speer, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityUlrich Spengler, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyCharles E Spritzer, MDProfessor, Department of RadiologyChief MSK Division Duke University School of MedicineAnon Srikiatkhachorn, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandMary Allen Staat, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of CincinnatiAnn R Stark, MDProfessor in Residence of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Faculty Development, Department of NeonatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterJeffrey R Starke, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineWilliam Stauffer, MD, MSPH, CTropMed, FASTMHProfessorUniversity of MinnesotaAndrew Steer, MBBS, PhD, FRACPHonorary ProfessorDepartment of Paediatrics, University of MelbournePediatric Infectious Diseases Physician, Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneDirector, Infection and Immunity Research Theme, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteIain Stephenson, MD, FRCPSenior Lecturer in Infectious DiseasesUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, UKTimothy R Sterling, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineRichard H Sterns, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryDennis L Stevens, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineE Richard Stiehm, MDDistinguished Research Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAYmkje Stienstra, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesUniversity Medical Center GroningenSean M Stone, MD, FACEPEmergency Medicine PhysicianWillamette Falls Medical CenterJason Stout, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDiane E Stover, MDEditor — Respiratory InfectionsChief, Pulmonary ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterCharlie Strange, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaBarbara Stryjewska, MDChief, Medical OfficerNational Hansen’s Disease ProgramsAruna Subramanian, MDClinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineJohn L Sullivan, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of MassachusettsKathleen E Sullivan, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaRobert Sundel, MDSection Editor — Pediatric RheumatologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolKhuanchai Supparatpinyo, MDProfessor of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityRakesh M Suri, MD, DPhilProfessor of SurgeryCleveland ClinicRitsuro Suzuki, MD, PhDProfessor, Department of Oncology and HematologyShimane University School of MedicineGeeta K Swamy, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityReema Syed, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology Washington University in Saint LouisPaula Tähtinen, MD, PhDClinical Lecturer, Adjunct Professor Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuElizabeth A Talbot, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKathrine R Tan, MD, MPHTeam LeadDomestic Response Team, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAaron J Tande, MDConsultantAssociate Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineLynn T Tanoue, MDProfessor of MedicineYale School of MedicinePhillip I Tarr, MDMelvin E. Carnahan Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Molecular MicrobiologyChief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & NutritionWashington University in St. Louis School of MedicineRobert V Tauxe, MD, MPHDirector, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, andEnvironmental DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionTerrie E Taylor, DOUniversity Distinguished Professor, MSU Foundation ProfessorCollege of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State UniversityPablo Tebas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaMayer Tenenhaus, MD, FACSProfessor of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity of California at San Diego Medical CenterEng-Kiong Teo, MDGastroenterologistChangi General Hospital, SingaporeChloe L Thio, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityStephen J Thomas, MDProfessorSUNY Upstate Medical UniversityCharles F Thomas, Jr, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJennifer L Thompson, MDAssistant Professor Obstetrics and GynecologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterLouise Thwaites, MDClinical Research FellowOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh City, Viet NamAndres Tirado-Sanchez, MDProfessor of Dermatology Anahuac University and Tecnológico de MonterreyImad M Tleyjeh, MD, MSc, FACP, FIDSAConsultant, Infectious DiseasesKing Fahd Medical City, RiyadhProfessor of Medicine and EpidemiologyCollege of MedicineAlfaisal University, RiyadhMichael Tolentino, MDDirector of Clinical ResearchBlue Ocean Clinical Research at the Macula CenterAssociate Professor, OphthalmologyUniversity of Central FloridaMark Travassos, MD, MScAssistant Professor, Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineIndi Trehan, MD, MPH, DTM&HAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonGlenn J Treisman, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCécile Tremblay, MDProfessorUniversity of Montreal, CanadaSusan Tuddenham, MD, MPHAssociate Professor Johns HopkinsJoAnn M Tufariello, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiElaine I Tuomanen, MDChair, Infectious DiseasesSt Jude Children's Research HospitalJesus G Vallejo, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineTjip S van der Werf, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of GroningenRaymond Vanholder, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity Hospital, Ghent, BelgiumEdouard G Vannier, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineTufts Medical CenterJose A Vazquez, MD, FACP, FIDSAChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJames Verbsky, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics and Microbiology/ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinElizabeth C Verna, MD, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineColumbia UniversityElliott P Vichinsky, MDSection Editor — Red Cell DisordersProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoR Kasi Visweswaran, MD, DM, FRCP (Edin)Consultant in NephrologyAnanthapuri Hospital and Research InstituteC Fordham von Reyn, MDSection Editor — Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKen B Waites, MD, F(AAM)Professor of PathologyDirector, Diagnostic Mycoplasma LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamAnna Wald, MD, MPHSection Editor — Sexually Transmitted DiseasesProfessor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonEllen R Wald, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthPatricia F Walker, MD, DTM&H, FASTMHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaL Lewis Wall, MD, DPhilSelina Okin Kim Conner Professor Emeritus in Arts and SciencesProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology and Obstetrics & GynecologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MOMark Waltzman, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAndrew Wang, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Health SystemMark A Ward, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineTheodore E Warkentin, MD, BSc(Med), FRCP(C), FACP, FRCP(Edin)Professor, Pathology and Molecular MedicineMichael G DeGroote School of MedicineMcMaster UniversityDavid J Weber, MD, MPHProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Public HealthMelissa Weinberg, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoMelvin P Weinstein, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolAmy C Weintrob, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineThe George Washington University and Veterans Affairs Medical CenterScott L Weiss, MDAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and PediatricsThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of PennsylvaniaPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthAnnika O Wernerson, MD, PhDProfessor and Senior Consultant in PathologyKarolinska Institute, SwedenMichael R Wessels, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsJohn F Enders Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJulian White, AM, MB, BS, MD, FACTMProfessorThe University of AdelaideA Clinton White, Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessorUniversity of Texas Medical BranchHarold C Wiesenfeld, MD, CMProfessorUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineC Mel Wilcox, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRebecca S Wilder, BSDH, MSProfessor, Associate Dean for Professional Development and Faculty Affairs, Office of the Dean, Division of Comprehensive Oral HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of DentistryAnnelies Wilder-Smith, MD, PhDProfessor of Emerging Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineTimothy William, MBBS, FRCPInfectious Disease PhysicianGleneagles Medical Centre, Kota KinabaluFelicia N Williams, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillKenneth H Wilson, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMary Elizabeth Wilson, MDClinical Professor of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoAdjunct Professor of Global Health and PopulationHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthJohn R Wingard, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineKevin L Winthrop, MD, MPHProfessor, School of Public HealthOregon Health and Sciences UniversityProfessor, Department of MedicineOregon Health and Sciences UniversityCameron Wolfe, MBBS (Hons), MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterLouis-Michel Wong Kee Song, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineBrian R Wood, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonCharles R Woods, MD, MSChair, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee College of Medicine – ChattanoogaChristina M Wyatt, MDAssociate ProfessorDuke University School of MedicineDavid L Wyles, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoDivision ChiefDenver HealthBlair J Wylie, MD, MPHProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyColumbia University Medical CenterSigal Yawetz, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDonald M Yealy, MD, FACEPProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PittsburghSylvia Yeh, MDProfessorDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAHarbor-UCLA Medical Center, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesHidemasa Yoneda, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Hand SurgeryNagoya UniversityWen-Liang Yu, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineChi-Mei Medical Center, TaiwanAimee Zaas, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterKimon C Zachary, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKen Zafren, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, FAWMClinical Professor of Emergency Medicine Stanford University Medical CenterFormer Emergency Programs Medical Director, State of AlaskaMartin Zamora, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineRichard D Zane, MDSection Editor — Emergency Medical Services/Disaster MedicineProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDana Zappetti, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical CollegeAtefeh Zeinoddini, MDRadiology ResidentUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, GalvestonMichael R Zenn, MD, FACSAdjunct Professor – Clinical Professor of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChrista S Zerbe, MD, MSDirector, Clinical Patient Services Program Director, Infectious Disease FellowshipLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAIDDanielle M Zerr, MD, MPHProfessor, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesUniversity of WashingtonLiesl Zühlke, MBChB DCH FCPaeds Cert Card MPH FESC FACC MSc PhDProfessorPaediatric Cardiologist and Director of Children’s Heart Disease Research UnitDivision of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics Red Cross War Memorial Children’s HospitalCape Town, South AfricaVice-President (Extramural Program and Internal portfolio)South African Medical Research CouncilPeer ReviewersElaine J Abrams, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityAnucha Apisarnthanarak, MDProfessor in Infectious DiseasesThammasat University HospitalSheila L Arvikar, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul G Auwaerter, MD, MBA, FIDSASherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineRobin K Avery, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins HospitalJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineLucinda Bateman, MS, MDMedical DirectorBateman Horne Center, UtahFrancesca Beaman, MDMusculoskeletal Fellowship Assistant ProfessorUniversity of KentuckyIrmgard Behlau, MDInfectious Diseases SpecialistMount Auburn Hospital (Harvard Medical School)Molecular Biology & Microbiology, and OphthalmologyTufts University School of MedicineJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineBrookie M Best, PharmD, MASAssociate Dean for Admissions and OutreachProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy and PediatricsSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine-Rady Children's Hospital San DiegoGuy Boivin, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine, Université LavalDavid R Boulware, MD, MPH, CTropMedAssociate ProfessorAssociate Director of Global Health Programs in Internal MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaWilliam A Bower, MD, FIDSACaptainUS Public Health ServiceEpidemiology Team Lead, Bacterial Special Pathogens BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionTodd T Brown, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Medicine and EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityMaria Buti, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaAngela M Caliendo, MD, PhDProfessor and Executive Vice Chair of MedicineBrown UniversityPeggy L Carver, PharmDAssociate Professor of PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyTracey A Cho, MD, MAProgram Director, Harvard-BWH-MGH Neurology ResidencyDirector, Neurology ClerkshipCo-Director, Infectious/Autoimmune Neurology ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalDavid B Clifford, MDMelba and Forest Seay Professor of Clinical Neuropharmacology in NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSara Cross, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterStan Deresinski, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic MedicineStanford UniversityJ Michael Dixon, MDProfessor of Surgery and Consultant SurgeonEdinburgh UniversityGary V Doern, MDEmeritus Professor of PathologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineScott Dryden-Peterson, MDAssistant Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolErik R Dubberke, MD, MSPHAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineJ Stephen Dumler, MDProfessor and ChairUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesWalter Reed National Military Medical CenterJoint Pathology CenterMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalDavid O Freedman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMelissa Gans, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of MiamiJoseph Metmowlee Garland, MD, AAHIVSAssociate Professor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityJuan C Gea-Banacloche, MDStaff ClinicianDivision of Clinical ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesAnne A Gershon, MDProfessor of PediatricsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsBenjamin Gewurz, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate PhysicianBrigham & Women's HospKhalil G Ghanem, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDeputy Director of EducationJohns Hopkins Bayview Medical CenterRoy M Gulick, MD, MPHSection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineKalpana Gupta, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineChief, Infectious DiseasesBoston VA HCSH Hunter Handsfield, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Washington Center for AIDS and STDAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineRodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUTHealth, McGovern Medical SchoolDavid Heiden, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterSan Francisco, CAMedical Director, AIDS Eye InitiativeSeva FoundationBerkeley, CAHoward M Heller, MD, MPHAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKate Hendricks, MD, MPH&TMMedical Officer, Bacterial Special Pathogens BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrenna L Hughes, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityMichael G Ison, MD, MSProfessor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ TransplantationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineGrace John-Stewart, MDProfessorUniversity of WashingtonRobert Kalayjian, MDProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesMetroHealth Medical CenterSanjat Kanjilal, MD, MPHLecturerHarvard Medical SchoolW Ray Kim, MDProfessor of Medicine, Gastroenterology and HepatologyStanford University Medical CenterAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDJane E Koehler, MA, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineAnthony L Komaroff, MDSection Editor — General MedicineSimcox-Clifford-Higby Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior PhysicianBrigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MAFarrukh M Koraishy, MD, PhD, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineStony Brook UniversityMichael J Kozal, MDProfessor and Senior Associate Dean for Veteran AffairsStanford School of MedicineChief of StaffVA Palo Alto HealthcareRaphael J Landovitz, MD, MScRonald Reagan UCLA Medical CenterUCLA Medical Center, Santa MonicaXin Li, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineTufts University School of 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of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthDeborah M Money, MD, FRCSCProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaLindsay Nicolle, MD, FRCPCProfessor EmeritusRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaNtobeko Ntusi, BSc(hons) MBChB FCP(SA) D.PhilFaculty of Health SciencesDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalIna Park, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Family and Community MedicineUCSF School of MedicineRobin Patel, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Medicine Mayo ClinicEskild Petersen, MD, DMSc, DTM&HProfessor, ConsultantSpecialist of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineAarhus University Hospital Skejby, DenmarkMichael E Pichichero, MDDirector, Research InstituteRochester General HospitalKaren M Puopolo, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineMichael J Richards, MD, FRACPDirector, Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceDirector, VICNISS Coordinating Centre for Surveillance of Healthcare-associated InfectionsThe Royal Melbourne HospitalLaura E Riley, MDChair, Obstetrics and Gynecology Weill Cornell MedicineObstetrician and Gynecologist-in-ChiefNewYork-Presbyterian HospitalMark E Rupp, MDProfessor & Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterThomas A Russo, MD, CMStaff PhysicianVeterans Administration Western New York Healthcare SystemProfessor of MedicineVice Chair of Medicine, Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolGeorge Sakoulas, MDProfessorUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicinePriya Sampathkumar, MDAssociate Professor of 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and Public Health and Investigative MedicineYale University School of MedicineKenneth E Sherman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineJihad Slim, MDAssistant ProfessorSeton Hall School of Health and Medical SciencesJack D Sobel, MDProfessorWayne State University School of MedicineDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityDavid S Stephens, MDProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineTimothy R Sterling, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJason Stout, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterElizabeth A Talbot, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthRandy Taplitz, MDClinical Professor and ChairDepartment of MedicineCity of Hope National Medical CenterLynn E Taylor, MD, FACP, FAASLDResearch ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandDirector of HIV and Viral Hepatitis ServicesCODAC Behavioral HealthChloe L Thio, 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CloseRelative incidence of cervical cytology resultsRelative incidence of cervical cytology results Cytology Incidence (percent) Negative 96 Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) 2.8 Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 0.97 High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) 0.21 Atypical glandular cells (AGC) 0.21 Atypical squamous cells: cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) 0.17 Squamous cell cervical carcinoma 4.5 per 100,000Data from: Katki HA, Schiffman M, Castle PE, et al. Benchmarking CIN 3+ Risk as the Basis for Incorporating HPV and Pap Cotesting into Cervical Screening and Management Guidelines. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17:S28.Graphic 89228 Version 1.0

CloseAlgorithm demonstrating how patient risk is evaluated based on the combination of current results and patient historyAlgorithm demonstrating how patient risk is evaluated based on the combination of current results and patient historyThis algorithm demonstrates how patient risk is evaluated. For a given current results and history combination, the immediate CIN 3+ risk is examined. If this risk is 4% or greater, immediate management via colposcopy or treatment is indicated. If the immediate risk is less than 4%, the 5-year CIN 3+ risk is examined to determine whether patients should return in 1, 3, or 5 years.CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127897 Version 2.0

CloseExample of how patients are managed based on risk estimates (using a common low-grade screening abnormality, HPV-positive ASC-US)Example of how patients are managed based on risk estimates (using a common low-grade screening abnormality, HPV-positive ASC-US)The initial screening result would lead to colposcopy (immediate risk 4.2%). Colposcopy of less than CIN 2 has a 5-year risk of 3.2% (1-year return). At the 1-year return visit, a second HPV-positive ASC-US result has an immediate risk of 3.1% (1-year return). If the patient has a repeat abnormal screen at the next follow-up, colposcopy is recommended. If the HPV-based test is negative, return in 3 years is recommended. NA, not applicable because stable risk estimates are not available.HPV: human papillomavirus; ASC-US: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; NILM: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; NA: not applicable because stable risk estimates are not available.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127898 Version 1.0

CloseInitial workup of AGC found on cervical cytologyInitial workup of AGC found on cervical cytologyThis algorithm describes the initial workup of AGC found on cervical cytology.AGC: atypical glandular cells; HPV: human papillomavirus.* Includes abnormal uterine bleeding, obesity, or conditions suggesting chronic anovulation.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127899 Version 1.0

CloseFollow-up management based on colposcopy results for AGC found on cytologyFollow-up management based on colposcopy results for AGC found on cytologyThis algorithm describes the follow-up management that should occur after diagnostic examinations are performed for AGC on cervical cytology.AGC: atypical glandular cell; AGC-NOS: atypical glandular cell not otherwise specified; AEC-NOS: atypical endocervical cell not otherwise specified; AIS: adenocarcinoma in situ; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.* Atypical endocervical cells.¶ Should provide intact specimen with interpretable margins. Concurrent endocervical sampling above excision bed preferred.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127900 Version 1.0

CloseClinical management of unsatisfactory cervical cytologyClinical management of unsatisfactory cervical cytologyThis algorithm describes the steps involved in clinical management of unsatisfactory cytology. Note that "unknown genotype" refers to both HPV testing without genotyping and HPV testing where genotyping is negative for HPV 16 and 18 but positive for other high-risk HPV types.Patients <25 years inadvertently screened for HPV may be managed differently; see related UpToDate content.HPV: human papillomavirus; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127901 Version 3.0

CloseClinical management of cytology that is negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, but with absent transformation zone or endocervical cellsClinical management of cytology that is negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, but with absent transformation zone or endocervical cellsThis algorithm describes the steps involved in clinical management of cytology that is negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, but with absent transformation zone or endocervical cells.HPV: human papillomavirus; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.* Triage using HPV testing is not recommended for age <30 years.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127902 Version 1.0

CloseThe steps involved in clinical management of histologic HSILThe steps involved in clinical management of histologic HSILThis algorithm describes the steps involved in clinical management of histologic HSIL.HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCJ: squamocolumnar junction; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV: human papillomavirus; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology; ECC: endocervical curettage.* If CIN 2+ is identified at the margins of an excisional procedure or post-procedure ECC, colposcopy and ECC at 6 months or repeat excision are acceptable. Hysterectomy is recommended if re-excision is not feasible.¶ Management options will vary in special circ*mstances or if the woman is pregnant or age <25 years. CIN 3 should always be treated, except in pregnancy. CIN 2 can be managed with observation if patients' concerns about pregnancy outweigh concerns about cancer.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127903 Version 2.0

CloseManagement of CIN 2 in patients whose concerns about the effects of treatment on a future pregnancy outweigh their concerns about cancerManagement of CIN 2 in patients whose concerns about the effects of treatment on a future pregnancy outweigh their concerns about cancerThis algorithm describes management of CIN 2 in patients whose concerns about the effects of treatment on a future pregnancy outweigh their concerns about cancer. Also addressed is the management of histologic HSIL not further specified in women younger than 25 years, for whom observation is acceptable, and for women 25 years or older for whom treatment is preferred.CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCJ: squamocolumnar junction; ECC: endocervical curettage; HPV: human papillomavirus; ASC-H: atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL; AGC: atypical glandular cell.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127905 Version 1.0

CloseManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by HSIL cytologyManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by HSIL cytologyThis algorithm describes management of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by HSIL cytology.LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HPV: human papillomavirus; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology; ASC-H: atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL.* Only if colposcopy visualizes the entire squamocolumnar junction and upper limit of lesion(s), and endocervical sampling is <CIN 2.¶ Except in special populations (pregnant women and those <25 years).Δ Cytology + colposcopy <25 years; HPV-based testing ≥25 years.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127907 Version 1.0

CloseManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by ASC-H cytologyManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by ASC-H cytologyThis algorithm describes management of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) preceded by ASC-H cytology.LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ASC-H: atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL; HPV: human papillomavirus; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.* Only if colposcopy visualizes the entire squamocolumnar junction and upper limit of lesion(s), and endocervical sampling negative.¶ Except in pregnant women.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127910 Version 1.0

CloseManagement of AISManagement of AISThis algorithm describes management of AIS. This management algorithm was developed by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and endorsed by the ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus process.AIS: adenocarcinoma in situ; ECC: endocervical curettage; HPV: human papillomavirus; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.* For patients with AIS and persistent positive margins for whom additional excisional procedures are not feasible, either simple or modified radical hysterectomy is acceptable.¶ Those desiring fertility-sparing management: cotesting with endocervical sampling.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127911 Version 1.0

CloseManagement of cytologic abnormalities in patients younger than 25 yearsManagement of cytologic abnormalities in patients younger than 25 yearsThis algorithm describes management of cytologic abnormalities in patients younger than 25 years.ASC-US: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; ASC-H: atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HPV: human papillomavirus; NILM: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; AGC: atypical glandular cell.* Cytology if age <25 years; HPV-based testing if ≥25 years.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127913 Version 1.0

CloseManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) in patients younger than 25 yearsManagement of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) in patients younger than 25 yearsThis algorithm describes management of histologic LSIL (CIN 1) in patients younger than 25 years.LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ASC-US: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; ASC-H: atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; ASCCP: American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology; NILM: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; AGC: atypical glandular cell; HPV: human papillomavirus.* Cytology if age <25 years; HPV-based testing if ≥25 years.From: Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020; 24:102. DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525. Copyright © 2020 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.Graphic 127914 Version 1.0

CloseCervical cytology: Terminology of normal and abnormal results[1,2]Cervical cytology: Terminology of normal and abnormal results[1,2] Normal cytology result: Negative intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM) A specimen that is adequate for evaluation and in which no epithelial abnormality is identified. Squamous lesions: Atypical squamous cells (ASC):Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) Cells that display abnormalities more marked than simple reactive changes but qualitatively or quantitatively do not fulfill the criteria for a squamous intraepithelial lesion; in some cases, these lesions are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Cells that alone (or in combination with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [LSIL]) share cytologic features with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Cytologies termed ASC-H can reflect the presence of true high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and other entities that mimic such lesions. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) Lesions associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. These tend to be associated with transient changes that regress over time. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) Lesions associated with high-risk types of HPV and that have a high risk of a CIN 2,3 outcome, persistence, or progression to cancer. Glandular lesions: Atypical glandular cells (AGC) Either endocervical (AEC), endometrial, or not otherwise specified (NOS) is noted as a subcategory. This replaces the previous term "atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS)." Atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic Endocervical is the only subcategory. This designation is for specimens that show features suggestive of, but not sufficient for, an interpretation of adenocarcinoma. Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) The normal glandular architecture of the endocervical glands may be preserved, but the glands are lined by atypical columnar epithelial cells similar to those of invasive cervical adenocarcinoma but without stromal invasion.References: Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: Terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002; 287:2114.Katki HA, Schiffman M, Castle PE, et al. Five-year risks of CIN 3+ and cervical cancer among women with HPV-positive and HPV-negative high-grade Pap results. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17(5 Suppl 1):S50.Graphic 130851 Version 1.0

Cervical cancer screening utilizes cervical cytology (the Pap test) and/or testing for oncogenic subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) (table 1). Results from these tests, along with a patient's past results (if known), are used to guide further evaluation, such as repeating cervical cytology, perf