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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor that frequently occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (see"Epidemiology and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma"). It is typically diagnosed late in the course of these diseases, and the median survival following diag

CloseAuthors and Editors in Gastroenterology and HepatologyAuthors and Editors in Gastroenterology and HepatologyEditors-in-ChiefSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDeputy EditorsShilpa Grover, MD, MPH, AGAFSenior Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAssistant Professor of Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolKristen M Robson, MD, MBA, FACGDeputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAssistant ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineAnne C Travis, MD, MSc, FACG, AGAFAssistant Professor of Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolSection EditorsDouglas G Adler, MD, FACG, AGAF, FASGESection Editor — Advanced EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy (CATE)Porter Adventist Hospital, Centura Health, Denver ColoradoRobert S Brown, Jr, MD, MPHSection Editor — Liver TransplantationVincent Astor Distinguished Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalAdrian M Di Bisceglie, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis CChief of HepatologySaint Louis University School of MedicineMark Feldman, MD, MACP, AGAF, FACGSection Editor — Acid Peptic DiseaseTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasClinical Professor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School at DallasLawrence S Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of MedicineNewton-Wellesley HospitalAssistant Chief of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalDouglas A Howell, MD, FASGE, FACGSection Editor — EUS/ERCPAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts Medical School Director, Pancreaticobiliary Center Director, Advanced Interventional Endoscopy Fellowship, Maine Medical CenterTracy Jaffe, MDSection Editor — Radiology Abdominal ImagingProfessor of RadiologyDuke University Medical SchoolSunanda V Kane, MD, MSPHSection Editor — Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseProfessorMayo Clinic College of MedicineCiarán P Kelly, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJonathan B Kruskal, MD, PhDSection Editor — Abdominal ImagingProfessor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKeith D Lindor, MDSection Editor — Alcoholic and Metabolic Liver DiseaseProfessor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineDean, College of Health SolutionsArizona State UniversityBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoJohn R Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSection Editor — Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNicholas J Talley, MD, PhDSection Editor — Motility DisordersProfessor of Medicine, University of Newcastle, AustraliaAdjunct Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MNAdjunct Professor, University of North CarolinaDavid C Whitcomb, MD, PhDSection Editor — Pancreatic DiseasesProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEditorial AssistantsErin Leo, BAContent Editing AssociateAuthorsEddie K Abdalla, MD, FACSMedical Director, Liver and Pancreas ProgramNorthside Hospital Cancer InstituteGhassan K Abou-Alfa, MDAttending PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterProfessorWeill Cornell Medical CollegeDiane Abraczinskas, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolClara Abraham, MDProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityDouglas G Adler, MD, FACG, AGAF, FASGESection Editor — Advanced EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy (CATE)Porter Adventist Hospital, Centura Health, Denver ColoradoNezam H Afdhal, MD, FRCPIChief of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRabia Agha, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNitin K Ahuja, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineVineet Ahuja, MD, DMProfessor of GastroenterologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesJana Al Hashash, MD, MSc, FACGAssociate Professor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Mayo ClinicBarbara D Alexander, MD, MHSProfessor of Medicine and Pathology Duke University School of MedicineH Richard Alexander, Jr, MDChief Surgical Officer,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyProfessor, Department of Surgery,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolIrene Alexandraki, MD, MPHSGIM Peer ReviewerSenior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine - PhoenixTarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineJohn Allendorf, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryNYU Long Island School of MedicineVice Chairman of SurgeryNYU Winthrop HospitalBan M Allos, MDAssistant ProfessorVanderbilt University School of MedicineChristopher D Anderson, MD, FACSJames D. Hardy Professor and Chair, Department of SurgeryChief, Transplant and Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterKarl E Anderson, MD, FACPProfessorThe University of Texas Medical BranchStephan Anderson, MDProfessor of RadiologyBoston University School of MedicineJason Andrews, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineInfectious DiseasesStanford MedicineMichael D Apstein, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolYousif I A-Rahim, MD, PhDInstructor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMustafa A Arain, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoAndrew Arnold, MDMurray-Heilig Professor of Molecular MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutMark D Aronson, MDEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care (Adult); Hospital MedicineSection Editor — General MedicineProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSanjeev Arora, MD, MACP, FACGDistinguished Professor of MedicineDirector, Project EchoUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineStanley W Ashley, MDSection Editor — Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary SurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalFrank Sawyer Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJohn S Axford, DSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHSection Editor — SclerodermaEmeritus Professor of RheumatologySt George's University of LondonNabeel Azeem, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaBruce R Bacon, MDEmeritus Professor of Internal MedicineSaint Louis University School of MedicineSeema Baid-Agrawal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineSahlgrenska Medical University, Gothenburg, SwedenJasmohan S Bajaj, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical CenterRobert D Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkSusan S Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkJohan S Bakken, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, DuluthDouglas W Ball, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineKiran Bambha, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of WashingtonJose Banchs, MD, FACC, FASEFacultyUniversity of ColoradoSubhas Banerjee, MDDirector of EndoscopyAssociate Professor of MedicineStanford University Medical CenterCarlton C Barnett, Jr, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado at DenverTodd H Baron, MDDirector of Advanced Therapeutic EndoscopyUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillAmy Barto, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University HospitalBrian K Bednarski, MD, MEHPAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Colorectal SurgeryUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterTanios Bekaii-Saab, MDLeader, GI Cancer ProgramMayo Clinic Cancer Center Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZProfessor, Mayo College of Medicine and ScienceLisa M Bellini, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterEldad Ben-Chetrit, MDProfessor of MedicineHadassah-Hebrew University Medical SchoolJacques J Bergman, MD, PhDProfessor of Gastrointestinal EndoscopyHead of EndoscopyDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical Center AmsterdamEmily Bergsland, MDProfessor of Medicine University of California San FranciscoJeffrey S Berman, MDProfessor of Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineDirector, Sarcoidosis Center, Boston Medical CenterMark F Berry, MDMylavarapu Rogers ProfessorStanford UniversityManoop S Bhutani, MD, FASGE, FACG, FACPProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterVinod K Bhutani, MD, FAAPProfessor, Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineKenneth F Binmoeller, MD, MASGE, FACGDirector, Interventional EndoscopyCalifornia Pacific Medical Center, San FranciscoAlain Bitton, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineMcGill University and McGill University Health CentreRonald Bleday, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolWissam Bleibel, MDInstructor in MedicineUniversity of VirginiaAnthony Bleyer, MD, MSProfessor of Internal Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest University School of MedicineSabine Bohnacker, MDGRN Medical Center, SinsheimBergstrasse Medical Center, HeppenheimUniversity Hospital Heidelberg, GermanyGeorgina Bojczuk, RD, CSPClinical DietitianOishei Children's Hospital of BuffaloRobert Bona, MDProfessor of Medicine (Hematology)Yale University School of MedicineAlan Bonder, MDDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyHarvard Medical SchoolPeter A L Bonis, MDChief Medical Officer of Clinical Effectiveness (UpToDate, Clinical Drug Information, and Emmi Solutions)Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAdjunct Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineLaura Boone, MSPatient Perspective Author – Celiac diseaseLiliana Bordeianou, MD, MPHProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolThomas J Borody, MD, PhD, FRACP, FACG, FACP, AGAF, DSc, FRSNAdjunct ProfessorWestern Sydney UniversityDirectorCenter for Digestive Diseases, AustraliaAthos Bousvaros, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSteven Bowers, MDProfessor of SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineMary L Brandt, MDProfessor of SurgeryDepartment of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of New OrleansD Craig Brater, MDEmeritus DeanIndiana University School of MedicinePresidentRegenstrief FoundationArturo Bravo, MDAssistant Professor Texas A&M University, College of MedicineElizabeth Breen, MDStaff Surgeon, Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterCristina Brickman, MD, MSCEAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California, San FranciscoAnnemarie Broderick, MB, BCh, MMedSc, FRCPIAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity College DublinRobert S Brown, Jr, MD, MPHSection Editor — Liver TransplantationVincent Astor Distinguished Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeJefferson N Brownell, MDInstructor in PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaJohn M Burkart, MDSection Editor — DialysisEmeritus Professor of Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest School of MedicineDavid L Burns, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMichael J Burns, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRandall W Burt, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of MedicineKathryn R Byrne, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineClara Camaschella, MDFormer Professor of Internal MedicineVita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMichael Camilleri, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and PhysiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineMarcia Irene Canto, MD, MHSProfessor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityAndrés Cárdenas, MD, PhD, MMSc, AGAF, FAASLDInstitut de Malalties Digestives i MetaboliquesHospital Clinic, Barcelona, SpainUniversity of BarcelonaAlexandra Carey, MDInstructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolCenter for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, MARobert L Carithers, Jr, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonDustin Allan Carlson, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology)Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineBrooks D Cash, MD, FACG, AGAF, FACPChief of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonProfessor of MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolA Lee Cashman, RN, CWONWound and Ostomy NurseBaptist MD Anderson Cancer CenterMarc F Catalano, MD, FACG, FACP, FASGE, AGAFThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonProfessor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of GastroenterologyAssistant Division Chief, Memorial Hermann Southeast Endoscopy & Chief of Therapeutic EndoscopyDirector of UT-MHH Advanced Endoscopy Training ProgramDavid Cave, MD, PhDAssociate PhysicianBrigham and Women's Hospital, Senior Lecturer Harvard Medical SchoolJohn Chabot, MDDavid V. Habif Professor of SurgeryColumbia University Medical CenterMariam R Chacko, MDDistinguished Professor EmeritusDepartments of Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine and Obstetrics & GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineAndrew T Chan, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnnie On On Chan, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Hong KongJennifer Ang Chan, MD, MPHDana-Farber Cancer InstituteTak-Mao Chan, MD, DSc, FRCPChair Professor & Yu Chiu Kwong Endowed Professor in MedicineUniversity of Hong KongJason Chang Pik Eu, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Gastroenterology & HepatologySingapore General HospitalAssociate ProfessorDuke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeRichelle C Charles, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAdam S Cheifetz, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolWinson Y Cheung, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorDepartment of OncologyTom Baker Cancer CenterUniversity of CalgaryEric H Chiou, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalVivian H Chu, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDaniel C Chung, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul J Cicl*tira, MBBS, MD, PhD, FRCP, AGAFProfessor of GastroenterologyThe Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaThomas E Clancy, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJeffrey W Clark, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNina M Clark, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of Infectious DiseasesLoyola University Medical CenterShannon M Clark, MD, MMSProfessor, Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical Branch-GalvestonJonathan Cohen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNathaniel Aviv Cohen, MBBChGastroenterologist and Specialist PhysicianIBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesTel Aviv Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelRussell D Cohen, MD, FACG, AGAFProfessor of MedicineThe University of Chicago Medical CenterGraham A Colditz, MD, DrPHNiess-Gain Professor in MedicineWashington University School of MedicineFelipe B Collares, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Central FloridaMassimo Colombo, MDHead Liver Center San Raffaele Hospital Milan ItalyCarolyn C Compton, MD, PhDProfessorArizona State UniversityHeidi M Connolly, MD, FACC, FASESection Editor — Congenital Heart DiseaseProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolKavitha Conti, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh, School of MedicineDarwin L Conwell, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe Ohio State UniversitySelim Corbacioglu, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of RegensburgGuido Costamagna, MD, FACGProfessor of SurgeryUniversita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, RomeScott J Cotler, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of HepatologyLoyola University Medical CenterWilliam J Craigen, MD, PhDProfessor of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineGarret J Cullen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical ScienceSteven A Curley, MD, FACSOncology Institute Director,Christus Trinity ClinicClinical Professor of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineMichael P Curry, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJames C Cusack, Jr, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBasil T Darras, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolRichard Dart, MD, PhDProfessorDirector of Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center University of Colorado School of MedicineShounak Das, MDVolunteer Clinical Faculty, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at DallasDepartment of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasJoshua Davis, PhD, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases Physician and ProfessorSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of NewcastleNSW, AustraliaMichael R DeBaun, MD, MPHSection Editor — Red Cell DisordersProfessor of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJaydira Del Rivero, MDAssistant Research PhysicianDevelopmental Therapeutics BranchNational Cancer Institute/National Institutes of HealthMark H DeLegge, MD, FACG, AGAFProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaKiley Delgado, MS, LCGCSenior Genetic CounselorCenter for Cancer Risk Assessment (Cancer Genetics)Massachusetts General HospitalMyriam Delhaye, MDUniversite Libre de Bruxelles, BelgiumChristopher P Denton, MDProfessor of Experimental RheumatologyRoyal Free Hospital, LondonDavid J Desilets, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineTufts University School of MedicineAdrian M Di Bisceglie, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis CChief of HepatologySaint Louis University School of MedicineCarlo Di Lorenzo, MDProfessor of Clinical PediatricsOhio State UniversityJohn K DiBaise, MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo Clinic in ArizonaWalburga Dieterich, PhDAssistant Professor of Molecular Medicine and BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen-Nuernberg, GermanyChristoph F Dietrich, MD, MBAProfessor of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt & Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und PermancenceScott R Dorfman, MDAssociate Professor of RadiologyBaylor College of MedicineChyke Doubeni, MD, FRCS, MPHProfessor of Family MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceLorna M Dove, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Department of MedicineColumbia UniversityAnette Duensing, MDAssistant Professor of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJean-François Dufour, MDDirectorCentre des Maladies Digestives, LausanneChristopher Duggan, MD, MPHMeltzer Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalJessica Duis, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and GeneticsChildren's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusTeresa K Duryea, MDSection Editor — General PediatricsProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineGhada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical Center, LebanonScott A Elisofon, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolChristian Ell, MD, PhDSana Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach, GermanyAffiliated with: Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University FrankfurtDavid H Ellison, MD, FASN, FAHAProfessor of Medicine and Physiology & PharmacologyOregon Health & Science UniversityJames C Ellsmere, MD, MSc, FRCSCAssociate Professor of SurgeryDalhousie UniversityErin E Endom, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicinePeter C Enzinger, MDDirector, Center for Esophageal & Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Associate Professor of Medicine,Harvard Medical SchoolGulchin A Ergun, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJessi Erlichman, MPHAdministrative Director of Clinical Research, GI DivisionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaKathleen M Fairfield, MD, DrPHVice Chair, Department of MedicineMaine Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMyron Falchuk, MDChief of Clinical Gastroenterology, EmeritusBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterPietro Familiari, MD, PhDGI Endoscopy Consultant at Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, ItalyClinical lecturer in Gastroenterology at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyFrancis A Farraye, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic School of MedicineRichard J Farrell, MDGastroenterology Consultant, Connolly HospitalClinical Professor of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandKenneth E Fasanella, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDirector, Gastroenterology Fellowship ProgramUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterRonnie Fass, MDAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityRima Fawaz, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineJordan J Feld, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoMark Feldman, MD, MACP, AGAF, FACGSection Editor — Acid Peptic DiseaseTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasClinical Professor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School at DallasPeter Ferenci, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of ViennaCarlos Fernandez-del Castillo, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolFernando C Fervenza, MD, PhDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineStephen J Ferzoco, MDChief of General SurgeryAtrius HealthAlessandro Fichera, MD, FACS, FASCRSClinical Professor of Medical EducationTexas A&M UniversityMaria Isabel Fiel, MD, FAASLDProfessor of PathologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiScott A Fink, MD, MPH, FACPClinical Associate Professor of MedicineJefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PALaurel Fisher, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineDivision of GastroenterologyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaDouglas S Fishman, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalMary B Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiOren Fix, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineMedical Director of Liver TransplantationUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillSteven Flamm, MDProfessor of MedicineRush Medical CollegeRush University Gary R Fleisher, MDEditor-in-Chief — Adult and Pediatric Emergency MedicineSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsEgan Family Foundation ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolPhillip R Fleshner, MD, FACSClinical Professor of SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterJustin Floyd, DOCancer Care Specialists of IllinoisEvan L Fogel, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineChristopher E Forsmark, MDProfessor of Medicine and ChiefDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionUniversity of FloridaKarin A Fox, MD, MEdAssociate Professor, Fellowship Director, Co-Chief of Maternal-Fetal Surgery Section,Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineBaylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's HospitalArnold S Freedman, MDSection Editor — Lymphoproliferative DisordersProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven D Freedman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMartin L Freeman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaShai Friedland, MDProfessor of MedicinePalo Alto VA and Stanford University Medical CenterGad Friedman, MD, FRCPCAssistant Professor of MedicineMcGill UniversityLawrence S Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of MedicineNewton-Wellesley HospitalAssistant Chief of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalScott L Friedman, MDFishberg Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThomas Frieling, MDDirector Medizinische Klinik IIHELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, GermanyProfessor of MedicineUniversity of DüsseldorfHarold Frucht, MDFormer Founding Director Pancreas Cancer Prevention & Genetics ProgramColumbia Colon Cancer Prevention ProgramColumbia UniversityDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesPaul J Gaglio, MDProfessor of Medicine (in Surgery)Director: Hepatology OutreachColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Center for Liver Disease and TransplantationSeng-Ian Gan, MD, FRCP(C)Clinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, CanadaRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlexandra Gangi, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery Cedars Sinai Medical CenterDavid A Garcia, MDSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineJuan Carlos Garcia-Pagán, MD, PhDSenior Consultant in Hepatology, Head Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd Associate ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaChristine D Garner, PhD, RD, CLCAssistant Professor, Department of PediatricsTexas Tech University School of MedicineIrphan Gaslightwala, MDGeisinger Health SystemMichael S Gelfand, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee College of MedicineAndres Gelrud, MD, MMScAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoDaniel Gelrud, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineFlorida International UniversitySuku George, MD, MPH, FACP, FACGClinical Assistant ProfessorMedical College of GeorgiaGI Specialists of GeorgiaM Eric Gershwin, MD, MACP, MACRDistinguished Professor of MedicineThe Jack and Donald Chia ProfessorChief, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology UC DavisAndrew G Gianoukakis, MD, FACEProfessor of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAInvestigator, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLADivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismHarbor-UCLA Medical CenterMichael K Gibson, MD, PhD, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector of Translational Research for Head and Neck OncologyDirector of Esophagogastric Malignancies ProgramVanderbilt UniversityPeter Gibson, MDProfessor of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash UniversityAdjunct Professor, RMIT UniversityRamyar Gilani, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineMark A Gilger, MDPediatrician-in-Chief, Emeritus, Children's Hospital of San AntonioProfessor and Residency Program Director, Baylor College of MedicineOlivia Gillion Boyer, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsPediatric Nephrology, Imagine Institute, Paris-Descartes University, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceDomenico Girelli, MD, PhDUniversity of VeronaProfessor of Internal MedicinePraveen S Goday, MBBSProfessor, Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionNationwide Children's HospitalJohn S Goff, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of MedicineBenjamin D Gold, MD, FAAP, FACGPartner, GI Care for KidsPartner, Children's Center for Digestive HealthcareEric Goldberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJoel E Goldberg, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMarcia B Goldberg, MDProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolRichard M Goldberg, MDSection Editor — Gastrointestinal CancerDirector Emeritus of the West Virginia University Cancer Institute and the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer CenterProfessor of Medicine Nirmala Gonsalves, MDProfessor of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineFredric D Gordon, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University Medical SchoolBasavana Goudra, MD, FRCA, FCARCSIAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicinePerelman School of Medicine Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPraveen Govender, MB BchAssistant Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineAssociate Director Sarcoidosis Center, Boston Medical CenterWilliam M Grady, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterCamilla S Graham, MDAssistant Professor in Medicine Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterDavid Y Graham, MDProfessor of MedicineMichael E. DeBakey VAMC and Baylor College of MedicineLeah Gramlich, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaAmy L Graziani, PharmDClinical Pharmacist, Infectious DiseasesHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAssociate Professor in Pharmacy, Adjunct FacultyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineDavid A Greenwald, MD, MASGE, FACGProfessor of MedicineThe Mount Sinai HospitalFrank G Gress, MDProfessor of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMedical Director, Center for Interventional EndoscopyIan J Griffin, MB ChBDirector, Clinical and Translational ResearchBiomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMarkus Grompe, MDProfessor of PediatricsOregon Health Sciences UniversityShilpa Grover, MD, MPH, AGAFSenior Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAssistant Professor of Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolPeter Grubel, MDMercyOne Medical Center, GastroenterologyDes Moines, IowaMoises Guelrud, MDJackson Memorial Hospital University of Miami Miller School of MedicineNaresh T Gunaratnam, MDDirector of ResearchSt. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MIKapil Gupta, MD, MPHPancreatic & Biliary DiseasesCedars-Sinai Medical CenterSandeep K Gupta, MDVisiting Professor of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine,Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionKathleen M Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHPAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDavid A Haggstrom, MD, MASInvestigatorVA HSR&D Center of Excellence on Implementing Evidence-Based PracticeAssociate ProfessorIndiana University School of MedicineDivision of General Internal Medicine & GeriatricsAmy B Hair, MDAssistant Professor, Director of Neonatal NutritionTexas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of MedicineMichael J Hall, MD, MSChair, Department of Clinical GeneticsProfessor, Department of Clinical GeneticsFox Chase Cancer CenterMagnus Halland, B.Med, B.Med.Sci, MPH, FRACP, PhDResearch CollaboratorDivision of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic Rochester, MNAllen Hamdan, MDClinical Director of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolJames P Hamilton, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector of HepatologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineGary D Hammer, MD, PhDMillie Schembechler Professor of Adrenal CancerUniversity of MichiganHeinz F Hammer, MDAssociate Professor of Internal Medicine and GastroenterologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University Graz, AustriaKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityGavin C Harewood, MDProfessor of MedicineRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDepartment of Gastroenterology Centracare Digestive CenterJason B Harris, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDouglas J Hartman, MDAssistant Professor of PathologyDivision of Anatomic Pathology at University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterWilliam L Hasler, MDMayo Clinic ArizonaAdam V Hayco*ck, MD, MBBS, FRCPConsultant GastroenterologistEndoscopy Training LeadWolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St. Mark's Hospital, LondonHonorary Senior Lecturer, Imperial College LondonKennon Heard, MDProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicinePamela Hebbard, MD, FRCSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare ManitobaMichael A Heneghan, MD, MMedSc, FRCPIConsultant Hepatologist & Professor of HepatologyClinical Director for Liver ServicesInstitute of Liver Studies, King's College HospitalLyndon V Hernandez, MD, MPHClinical Associate ProfessorMedical College of WisconsinDwight E Heron, MD, MBA, FACRO, FACRSystem Medical Director for Oncology ServicesBon Secours Mercy HealthMartin Hertl, MD, PhD, MBAProfessor of SurgeryDirector, Abdominal Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary SurgeryTuftsMedical CenterPaul J Hesketh, MDSection Editor — Supportive CareDirector, Lahey Health Cancer InstituteDirector, Thoracic Oncology, Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineRobert Heuschkel, MBBS, MRCPCHConsultant, Department of Pediatric GastroenterologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UKPatricia L Hibberd, MD, PhDChair, Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthAnna Maria Hibbs, MD, MSCEProfessor of PediatricsCare Western Reserve UniversityLeslie M Higuchi, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolIvor D Hill, MDProfessor of PediatricsSection Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionNationwide Children's HospitalIkuo Hirano, MDProfessor of Medicine, Gastroenterology DivisionNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineRichard A Hodin, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolChristoph Högenauer, MDAssociate Professor of Internal Medicine and GastroenterologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University Graz, AustriaElizabeth L Hohmann, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLori R Holtz, MD, MSPHAssociate ProfessorWashington University School of MedicineTheodore S Hong, MDProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical School Radiation OncologistMassachusetts General HospitalCharlotte Höybye, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of EndocrinologyKarolinska InstituteRalph H Hruban, MDProfessor of Pathology and OncologyThe Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research CenterJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsChristopher S Huang, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineDerralynn Hughes, MDProfessor, Experimental HematologyUniversity College LondonRoyal Free Hospital LondonKlaudia U Hunter, MDLahey Clinic Department of Radiation OncologyThomas H Inge, MD, PhDAkers Chair and Professor of Pediatric SurgeryUniversity of Colorado, Denver School of MedicineRobert D Inman, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FRCP EdinProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyUniversity of TorontoShams I Iqbal, MDInstructor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalEsther Israel, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBrian C Jacobson, MD, MPHDirector of Program Development for GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalAjay K Jain, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and PhysiologySaint Louis UniversityPriya Jamidar, MD, FACG, FASGEProfessor of MedicineYale School of MedicineEllionore Järbrink-Sehgal, MD, PhDAssistant Professor, Staff GastroenterologistSection of Gastroenterology, Dept of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineJoseph Jennings, MDGeorgetown University HospitalDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyPamela J Jensen, MDAttending PathologistTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasRavi Jhaveri, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineInterim Division Head, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoRamon E Jimenez, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryFlorida International UniversityHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineJacob John, MDProfessor of Community MedicineChristian Medical College Vellore, IndiaEric Jonasch, MDProfessorThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterNicola L Jones, MD, FRCPC, PhDStaff Gastroenterologist, Division of GIHN, SickKids HospitalSenior Scientist, Cell Biology Program, SickKids Research InstituteProfessor of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of TorontoPeter J Kahrilas, MDProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityJörg C Kalff, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity Medical Center, BonnRichard S Kalman, MDDivision of Hepatology, Assistant Professor of Medicine,Einstein Medical Center/Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityNassim Kamar, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology and Organ TransplantationToulouse University Hospital, FrancePatrick S Kamath, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceSunanda V Kane, MD, MSPHSection Editor — Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseProfessorMayo Clinic College of MedicineAndre A Kaplan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterElissa E Kaplan, MDGI Health Care AssociatesNewton-Wellesley HospitalJess L Kaplan, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJulie P Katkin, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineLaurence Katznelson, MDAssociate Dean of Graduate Medical EducationProfessor of Neurosurgery and Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism)Stanford School of MedicineCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolVivek Kaul, MD, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSegal-Watson Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.Marsha Kay, MDDirector of Pediatric Endoscopy, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionCleveland Clinic Children'sStephanie A Kaye-Barrett, MDConsultant and Honorary Lecturer in RheumatologyThe Chelsea and Westminster HospitalFlorence K Keane, MDAssistant Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolAndrew P Keaveny, MD, FRCPIProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and SciencesElectron Kebebew, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryChief, Division of General SurgeryHarry A. Oberhelman, Jr. and Mark L. Welton ProfessorProgram Leader, Endocrine Oncology ProgramStanford Cancer CenterVicki L Keedy, MD, MSCIAssistant Professor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterT Barry Kelleher, MD, FRCPIConsultant GastroenterologistMater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, IrelandCiarán P Kelly, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTara S Kent, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterThomas Archibald Kerr, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineDivision of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasAsif Khalid, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh, VA Pittsburgh Health Care SystemFarrukh A Khan, MD, FACSFormer Clinical Professor of SurgeryDrexel University College of MedicineArthur Y Kim, MD, FIDSAAssociate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolDavid J Kim, MDNorthwest GastroenterologistsJae H Kim, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsDirector, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineHedy Lee Kindler, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector of the Mesothelioma ProgramUniversity of Chicago MedicineAlice King, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's HospitalHiroto Kita, MD, PhDDirector, Center for Gastrointestinal DiseaseNational Hospital Organization Tokyo National HospitalWilliam J Klish, MDEmeritus Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMichael D Kluger, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of SurgeryCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/CUMCClaus-Henning Köhne, MDDepartment of Hematology and OncologyOnkologie Klinikum OldenburgCamille N Kotton, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolKris V Kowdley, MD, FAASLD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFDirector, Liver Institute Northwest Clinical Professor of Medicine, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine,Washington State UniversityMary Lee Krinsky, DOProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego Healthcare SystemKaren L Krok, MDAssociate Professor of MedicinePenn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterJonathan B Kruskal, MD, PhDSection Editor — Abdominal ImagingProfessor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolAleksandra Kukla, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMatthew Kulke, MDChief, Hematology and Oncology, Boston Medical CenterDeputy Director, Cancer Center, Boston University School of MedicineSenthil Kumar, MS, FRCS (Ed), FRCS (Gen Surg), CCT (UK)Head, Department of Liver Transplantation & HPB surgeryContinental HospitalsHyderabad, IndiaPriyanthi Kumarasinghe, MBBS, MD, FRCPA, Dip.Cytopath (RCPA)Consultant PathologistPathWest, QE II Medical CentreClinical ProfessorSchool of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western AustraliaHiroko Kunitake, MDAssistant in Surgery, Massachusetts General HospitalAssistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolPreeta K Kutty, MD, MPHMedical EpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJanet L Kwiatkowski, MD, MSCEDirector, Thalassemia ProgramChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaAndré Lacroix, MDSection Editor — Adrenal DiseaseProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian E Lacy, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicMichelle Lai, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRon G Landmann, MDChief, Division of Colon & Rectal SurgeryBaptist MD Anderson Cancer CenterPaul A Lange, MDClinical Professor, Department of MedicineWestern Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of MedicineRegina LaRocque, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnne M Larson, MD, FACP, FAASLD, AGAFClinical Professor of MedicineClinic ChiefUW Medicine/NWH HepatologyNorthwest Hospital and Medical CenterGregory Lauwers, MDSenior Member and Director of Gastrointestinal Pathology,H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute,Professor,Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Oncologic Sciences, University of South FloridaRyan Law, DOAssistant ProfessorMayo Clinic, RochesterKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityDale Young Lee, MD, MSCEAssociate ProfessorMedical Director, Clinical NutritionSeattle Children's HospitalHannah Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMedical College of VirginiaLinda Lee, MDMedical Director of EndoscopyAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNancy Y Lee, MDAttending PhysicianMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterRichard H Lee, MDProfessor of Clinical Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaYoung-Mee Lee, MDGastroenterology Consultant PhysicianUniversity of Vermont Health NetworkChamplain Valley Physicians HospitalAGA Peer ReviewerMichael D Leise, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineAnthony J Lembo, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKristina Lemon, MD, FRCSCAssistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Intra-abdominal TransplantUniversity of CincinnatiDaniel H Leung, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineJason Levy, MD, RDMSAssistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Levy, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo College of MedicineJames H Lewis, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF, FAASLDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineDirector of HepatologyAssociate Fellowship DirectorDivision of GastroenterologyGeorgetown University HospitalMichele D Lewis, MD, MSScAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic JacksonvilleB UK Li, MDSection Editor — Pediatric GastroenterologyProfessor of PediatricsMedical College of WisconsinChris A Liacouras, MDProfessor of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCo-Director, Center for Pediatric Eosinophilic DiseasesThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaGary R Lichtenstein, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Inflammatory Bowel DiseasesUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRodger A Liddle, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical SchoolRobert B Lim, MD, FACS, FASMBSVice Chair of EducationOklahoma University-Physicians TulsaProfessor of SurgeryOklahoma University School of Medicine TulsaAjit P Limaye, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSteven C Lin, MD, MPHAttending Gastroenterologist Kaiser Permanente WashingtonKeith D Lindor, MDSection Editor — Alcoholic and Metabolic Liver DiseaseProfessor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineDean, College of Health SolutionsArizona State UniversityThomas Lingenfelser, MD, PhD, AGAF, FEBGGastroenterology Centre HamburgUniversity of TuebingenHamburg, GermanyCornelis J Lips, MD, PhDProfessor of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, The NetherlandsBabak Litkouhi, MDAssistant ProfessorStanford School of MedicineEdwin Liu, MDTaplin Endowed Chair for Celiac DiseaseProfessor of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineDirector, Colorado Center for Celiac DiseaseAmy Lo, MDAssistant ProfessorUT Southwestern Medical CenterVera Loening-Baucke, MDProfessor Emerita, PediatricsThe University of IowaAnna SF Lok, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolGeorge F Longstreth, MDClinic GastroenterologistVeterans Administration San Diego Healthcare SystemVoluntary Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineKathleen M Loomes, MDProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaSilvano Loperfido, MDConsultant of Gastroenterology Center Salute & CulturaTreviso, ItalyMonica Esperanza Lopez, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Pediatric SurgeryVice Chair, Surgical Quality and Evidence-based ProgramsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at VanderbiltRobert C Lowe, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineAimee L Lucas, MD, MSAssociate Professor Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiFinlay A Macrae, MDProfessor, Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaColm C Magee, MD, MPH, FRCPIClinical Lecturer in MedicineRoyal College of SurgeonsVarocha Mahachai, MDProfessor of MedicineChulalongkorn University HospitalBangkok, ThailandUma Mahadevan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoMarcio Malogolowkin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Chief, Division of Pediatric Hematology-OncologyUC Davis Children's Hospital and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer CenterHarvey Mamon, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolMark J Manary, MDHelene B Roberson Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. LouisPaul F Mansfield, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterNorman E Marcon, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoGary F Marklin, MDChief Medical and Research OfficerMid-America TransplantChristopher A Marshall, MDClinical Chief, GastroenterologyUMass Memorial Health UMass Chan Medical SchoolCamilia R Martin, MD, MSProfessor of PediatricsWeill Cornell MedicineJohn A Martin, MDAssociate Professor, Senior Associate Consultant, and Associate Chair for EndoscopyMayo ClinicMartin G Martin, MD, MPPProfessor, Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, and NutritionDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLARichard Martin, MDSection Editor — NeonatologyProfessor, Pediatrics, Reproductive Biology, and Physiology & BiophysicsCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineRonald F Martin, MDClinical Adjunct Professor Emeritus in SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthJoel B Mason, MDProfessor of Medicine and NutritionTufts University Schools of Medicine and NutritionUSDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts UniversityElena M Massarotti, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolL Clifford McDonald, MDAssociate Director for ScienceCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMalcolm McDonald, PhD, FRACP, FRCPAAdjunct ProfessorCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University, Queensland, AustraliaDermot P B McGovern, MD, PhD, FRCP (London)Joshua L and Lisa Z Greer Endowed Chair in IBD GeneticsDirector of Translational Medicine, Professor of MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical CenterKevin McGrath, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghBhoomi Mehrotra, MDDirectorCancer Institute at St. Francis HospitalRoslyn, NYAlexander Meining, MDHead of Endoscopy, Medical Department IUniversity of UlmShlomo Melmed, MDExecutive Vice President and DeanCedars Sinai Medical CenterProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California at Los Angeles School of MedicineNelya Melnitchouk, MD, MSc, FACSDirector, Program in Peritoneal Surface MalignancyAssistant Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School Associate SurgeonSection of Colon and Rectal Surgery Brigham and Women’s HospitalGeorge W Meyer, MD, MACP, MACGClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineJeffrey A Meyerhardt, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDana-Farber Cancer InstituteDaniel S Mishkin, MDCM, FASGE, FACG, AGAFChief of Gastroenterology Atrius HealthBeth Israel Milton, Harvard Medical School.John F Modlin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthSean R Moore, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PediatricsDirector of Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & NutritionUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineChristopher J Moran, MDInstructor in PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDouglas Morgan, MD, MPHDirector, UAB Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)Jeffrey Morgan, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKathleen J Motil, MD, PhDSection Editor — Pediatric NutritionProfessor of Pediatric NutritionBaylor College of MedicineMarialena Mouzaki, MD, MScAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineBeverly Moy, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPHDean of Friedman School of Nutrition Science & PolicyJean Mayer Professor of Nutrition and MedicineTufts UniversityMarion Muche, MDCharité - Medical University, Berlin, GermanyAndrew J Muir, MD, MHSChief of Gastroenterology at Duke UniversityJanet E Murphy, MD, MPHInstructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterTucker Gosnell Center for GI MalignanciesKasiani C Myers, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune DeficiencyCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterGovind Nandakumar, MD, FACS, FASCRSChief of Gastrointestinal Surgery & GI OncosurgeryColumbia Asia Hospitals Bangalore Courtesy Faculty, Weill Cornell Medical College, New YorkMichael Narkewicz, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJames P Nataro, MD, PhD, MBABenjamin Armistead Shepherd Professor and ChairUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineRobert S Negrin, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineFrancesco Negro, MDProfessor of Gastroenterology and hepatologyUniversity Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandMark I Neuman, MD, MPHSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCatherine C Neumann, MS, LCGCGenetic CounselorDepartment of Clinical GeneticsFox Chase Cancer CenterPaul Newey, MDSenior Lecturer in Endocrinology, Division of Molecular & Clinical MedicineNinewells Hospital & Medical School, University of DundeePatrick Niaudet, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of PediatricsHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceLynnette K Nieman, MDSection Editor — Adrenal DiseaseSenior InvestigatorBethesda, MDAnna K Nowak, MBBS PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaDonough J O'Donovan, MDClinical Lecturer in PediatricsNational University of Ireland, GalwayRobert D Odze, MD, FRCPCProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony P Olivé, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineMiguel G O'Ryan, MDProfessor, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileMichael J Overman, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterJoel M Palefsky, MDProfessorUniversity of California San FranciscoPast President, International Papillomavirus SocietyPast President, International Anal Neoplasia SocietyManisha Palta, MDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyDuke UniversityJohn E Pandolfino, MDProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityDarrell Pardi, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineChair, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAssociate Dean, MayoAparna R Parikh, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolMargaret G Parker, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsUMass Memorial Medical Center, UMass Memorial Medical SchoolPankaj J Pasricha, MDProfessor of Medicine and NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDirector, Johns Hopkins Center for NeurogastroenterologyNishaben Patel, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Golisano Children's HospitalSassan Pazirandeh, MDDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKaiser Permanente Medical CenterKatrina S Pedersen, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineJohn H Pemberton, MDProfessor of SurgeryMayo Clinic and Mayo Medical SchoolBarbara M Peña, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorWertheim College of MedicineRobert M Penner, BSc, MD, FRCPC, MScAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaMark A Peppercorn, MDProfessor of Medicine EmeritusHarvard Medical SchoolElizabeth Peralta, MDSurgical OncologistSutter Pacific Medical FoundationMolly Perencevich, MDBrigham and Women’s HospitalAssociate PhysicianPradyumna Phatak, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Rochester School of MedicineDepartment of Medicine ChairRochester General HospitalMark Pietroni, MA, FRCP, FFPH, DTM&HVisiting ProfessorUniversity of the West of EnglandVisiting ProfessorUniversity of BristolMark Pimentel, MD, FRCP(C)Executive DirectorMedically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) ProgramCedars-Sinai Medical CenterSara E Pinney, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaSharon E Plon, MD, PhDDan L. Duncan Cancer CenterProfessorPediatrics/Hematology-OncologyMolecular and Human GeneticsHuman Genome Sequencing CenterBaylor College of MedicinePaul J Pockros, MDDirector, Liver Disease CenterScripps ClinicDirector, SC Liver Research ConsortiumRaoul Poupon, MDProfessor of Hepatology and GastroenterologyUniversity Pierre et Marie CurieUPMC, Sorbonne University, Paris, FranceRubén E Quirós-Tejeira, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and SurgeryUniversity of NebraskaIsaac Raijman, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TXDigestive Associates of Houston, PAMassimo Raimondo, MD, FACGProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FLSanjay Ramrakha, MBBS, PhDConsultant Emergency PhysicianRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSenior Lecturer, University of SydneyCenter for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, AustraliaScott D Ramsey, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterChris Ramsook, MDAttending PhysicianPhoenix Children's HospitalSatish SC Rao, MD, PhD, FRCPChief, Gastroenterology/HepatologyAugusta UniversityChandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACSProfessor of Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteNancy Reau, MDProfessor of MedicineRichard B. Capps Chair of HepatologyChief, Section of Hepatology Associate Director, Solid Organ TransplantationRush University Medical CenterK Rajender Reddy, MDRuimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine in SurgeryDirector of HepatologyDirector, Viral Hepatitis CenterMedical Director of Liver TransplantationUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineSamuel Refetoff, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Committee on GeneticsUniversity of ChicagoArie Regev, MDAdjunct Associate Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineMiguel Regueiro, MD, AGAF, FACG, FACPChair, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe Pier C. and Renee A. Borra Family Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology and HepatologyChair, Digestive Disease and Surgery InstituteCleveland ClinicProfessor of MedicineRocco Ricciardi, MD, MPHChief, Section of Colon and Rectal SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalAssociate Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical SchoolIngram Roberts, MD, MBAClinical Professor of Medicine (Adjunct)Temple University School of MedicineKristen M Robson, MD, MBA, FACGDeputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAssistant ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineDario Roccatello, MDProfessor of Nephrology and Clinical PathologyUniversity of Turin Medical SchoolDon C Rockey, MDChairman, Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaJürgen Kurt Rockstroh, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyLinda H Rodgers, MGC, CGCGenetic CounselorMassachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Risk AssessmentLeonel A Rodriguez, MD, MSSection Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Director, Gastroenterology Procedure Program Director, Gastrointestinal Motility and Functional Disorders Program Associate Professor of PediatricsYale School of MedicineMiguel A Rodriguez-Bigas, MDProfessor of SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer CenterZora R Rogers, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, EmeritusUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterHarold N Rosen, MDAssociate Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRobert S Rosenson, MDSection Editor — LipidsProfessor of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineDirector, Metabolism and LipidsMount Sinai Health SystemMichael H Rosenthal, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical SchoolDouglas S Ross, MDSection Editor — Thyroid DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLionel Rostaing, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis, and Renal TransplantationGrenoble Alpes University Hospital, FranceMichael A Roy, MD, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJayanta Roy-Chowdhury, MD, MRCP, AGAF, FAASLDProfessor of Medicine and GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNamita Roy-Chowdhury, PhD, FAASLDProfessor of Medicine and GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineDavid T Rubin, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago MedicineJonah N Rubin, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterLewis J Rubin, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineCollege of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityPaul A Rufo, MD, MMScAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolProgram Director, Harvard Medical School Fellowship in Pediatric GastroenterologyBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoDavid P Ryan, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamSabina Sabharwal, MD, MPHInstructor in PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolWasif M Saif, MDChair, Medical Oncology/HematologyDeputy DirectorOrlando Health Cancer InstituteRichard A Saladino, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJohn R Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSection Editor — Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael K Sanders, MDUniversity of South Alabama HospitalTherapeutic endoscopy (EUS/ERCP) for Division of GastroenterologyIan R Sanderson, MDProfessor of Pediatric GastroenterologyBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryHanna K Sanoff, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillArun J Sanyal, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineR Balfour Sartor, MDDepartments of Medicine (GI and Hepatology), Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillThomas T Sato, MD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery, Division of General and Thoracic Pediatric SurgeryChildren's Wisconsin/Medical College of WisconsinDeirdre Sawinski, MD, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeAnn O Scheimann, MD, MBAAssociate Professor of PediatricsJohns Hopkins School of MedicineMichael L Schilsky, MD, FAASLDMedical Director, Adult Liver Transplant Yale-New Haven Transplantation CenterAssociate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Digestive Diseases and Transplantation and ImmunologyYale University Medical CenterArthur B Schneider, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineThomas Schneider, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineCharite, Campus Benjamin Franklin, BerlinKasmintan A Schrader, MBBS, FRCPC, PhDMedical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaDetlef Schuppan, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolInstitute for Translational ImmunologyResearch Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Division of GastroenterologySteven D Schwaitzberg, MD, FACSProfessor and ChairmanJacobs School of MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkDavid A Schwartz, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt UniversityJonathan M Schwartz, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineMontefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of MedicineSarah Jane Schwarzenberg, MDProfessor of PediatricsDirector, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Minnesota Masonic Children's HospitalSherry Scovell, MD, FACSAssistant Professor in Surgery, Part TimeHarvard Medical School/Massachusetts General HospitalUwe Seitz, MDBergstrasse Medical Center, HeppenheimUniversity Hospital Heidelberg, GermanyGennaro Selvaggi, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineSanjeev Sethi, MD, PhDProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineMala Setty, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of PediatricsUCSF Benioff Children's HospitalsDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterAmit A Shah, MD, MSHPAssistant Professor of Clinical PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineRaj J Shah, MD, MASGE, AGAF, FACGProfessor of Medicine, University of Colorado School of MedicineDirector, Pancreas and Biliary EndoscopyDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Hospital, Anschutz Medical CampusOranit Shaked, MDAssistant Professor, Pediatrics Wertheim College of MedicineElizabeth Shane, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterRon Shapiro, MDProfessor of SurgerySurgical Director, Kidney/Pancreas Transplant ProgramMount Sinai Hospital - Recanati Miller Transplantation InstituteBo Shen, MD, AGAF, FACG, FASGEThe Edelman and Jarislowsky Professor of Surgical Sciences; Professor of Medicine and Surgical Sciences (in surgery)Vice Chair for Innovation, Departments of Medicine and SurgeryDirector of IBD Section and Center for Interventional IBDColumbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian HospitalAmandeep Shergill, MD, MSProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CA, San Francisco/ San Francisco VA MedicalEric J Sherman, MDAssistant Attending PhysicianMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterKenneth E Sherman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineSteven I Sherman, MDNaguib Samaan Distinguished Professor in EndocrinologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterStuart Sherman, MDProfessor of Medicine and RadiologyIndiana University School of MedicineGlen Lehman Professor of GastroenterologyDirector of Advanced EndoscopySunil G Sheth, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Shibata, MDProfessor and ChairDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterClaire L Shovlin, PhD, FRCPProfessor of Practice (Clinical and Molecular Medicine), NHLI Cardiovascular SciencesImperial College, LondonBaha M Sibai, MDProfessor, Maternal-Fetal Medicine DivisionDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesThe University of Texas Medical School at HoustonEllen Sidransky, MDBranch Chief, Medical Genetics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthShonni J Silverberg, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsRebecca Simmons, MDHallam Hurt Professor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaAmit G Singal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TXPrashant Singh, MBBSAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of MichiganClaude B Sirlin, MDProfessor of RadiologyDirector, Liver Imaging GroupUC San DiegoJoseph A Skelton, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and PreventionWake Forest School of MedicineDirector, Brenner FIT (Families in Training) ProgramBrenner Children's HospitalMatthew R Smeds, MD, FACS, DFSVSProfessor of Surgery, Department of SurgerySaint Louis UniversityGerald W Smetana, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDouglas Smink, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJudith A Smith, PharmD, BCOP, CPHQ, FCCP, FHOPA, FISOPPAssociate Professor and DirectorWomen's Health Integrative Medicine Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health McGovern Medical SchoolScott B Snapper, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPeter J Snyder, MDEditor-in-Chief — EndocrinologySection Editor — Pituitary Disease; Male Reproductive EndocrinologyProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineDaniel H Solomon, MD, MPHMatthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population HealthProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolManu R Sood, MBBS, FRCPCH, MD, MScProfessor and Head of the Department of Pediatrics University of Illinois, College of Medicine, PeoriaHalfdan Sorbye, MDProfessor of MedicineHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, NorwayDavid I Soybel, MDSection Editor — Upper GI SurgeryEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryChief of Surgical ServicesStuart J Spechler, MDChief, Division of Gastroenterology Co-Director, Center for Esophageal DiseasesBaylor University Medical Center at DallasInvestigator/ProfessorCo-Director, Center for Esophageal ResearchBaylor Scott and White Research InstituteDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityUlrich Spengler, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyJames E Squires, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionMarisa Stahl, MD, MSCSAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDanielle A Stamm, RN, MSN, FNP-BCClinical Coordinator and Lead Advanced Practice NurseCenter for Advanced Intestinal RehabilitationBoston Children's HospitalPeter P Stanich, MDAssistant ProfessorDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDirector, Section of Intestinal Neoplasia and Hereditary PolyposisThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterAnn R Stark, MDProfessor in Residence of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Faculty Development, Department of NeonatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterScott R Steele, MD, MBA, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityChairman, Department of Colorectal SurgeryCleveland ClinicAdam C Stein, MDAssistant ProfessorNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineRichard H Sterns, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryTyler Stevens, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCleveland ClinicDavid B Stewart, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor and Division Chief, General SurgerySouthern Illinois UniversityElena Stoffel, MD, MPHAssociate Professor Internal Medicine, Division of GastroenterologyDirector, Cancer Genetics ClinicUniversity of MichiganJames K Stoller, MD, MSSection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJean Wall Bennett Professor of Medicine, Samson Global Leadership Academy Endowed ChairCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineChairman, Education Institute, Cleveland ClinicLisa Strate, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington Medical SchoolRobert J Stratta, MDProfessor of Surgery, Director of TransplantationWake Forest School of MedicineJonathan R Strosberg, MDProfessorDepartment of Gastrointestinal OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterKeith E Stuart, MDVice Chair, Hematology and Oncology Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine,Tufts University School of MedicineFrederick J Suchy, MD, FAASLDSenior Research StrategistChildren’s Hospital Colorado Research InstituteProfessor of Pediatrics, Associate Dean for Child Health ResearchUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAngela Sun, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle Children's HospitalArief Suriawinata, MDProfessor of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthJennifer A Sutter, MDClinical Associate ProfessorBrody School of Medicine, East Carolina UniversityGeeta K Swamy, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityScott Swanson, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolAlexander Swidsinski, MDLaboratory for Molecular Genetics,Polymicrobial Infections, and Bacterial BiofilmsHumboldt University, Charité HospitalGyongyi Szabo, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine and Faculty Dean for Academic AffairsHarvard Medical SchoolNicholas J Talley, MD, PhDSection Editor — Motility DisordersProfessor of Medicine, University of Newcastle, AustraliaAdjunct Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MNAdjunct Professor, University of North CarolinaPuneeta Tandon, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alberta, CanadaChristine C Tangney, PhDProfessor of Clinical NutritionRush University Medical CenterPhillip I Tarr, MDMelvin E. Carnahan Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Molecular MicrobiologyChief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & NutritionWashington University in St. Louis School of MedicinePablo Tebas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaJonathan E Teitelbaum, MDClinical ProfessorRobert Wood Johnson School of MedicineDavid A Tendler, MDAssistant Consulting Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityEng-Kiong Teo, MDGastroenterologistChangi General Hospital, SingaporeJay R Thiagarajah, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolAttending Physician, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalChloe L Thio, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityJennifer L Thompson, MDAssistant Professor Obstetrics and GynecologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNirav C Thosani, MD, MHAThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Director, Interventional Gastroenterology, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical CenterChandrashekhar Thukral, MD, PhDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Illinois, College of Medicine at RockfordPaul J Thuluvath, MBBS, MD, FRCPMedical Director, The Institute for Digestive Health & Liver DiseaseDirector, The Center for Liver & Biliary DiseasesMercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMark Topazian, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Digestive DiseaseMayo ClinicAnne C Travis, MD, MSc, FACG, AGAFAssistant Professor of Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolIndi Trehan, MD, MPH, DTM&HAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonGeorge Triadafilopoulos, MDClinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineAndrea Tringali, MD, PhDAssistant professorUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyGeorge Tsoulfas, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryStrong Memorial HospitalUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterR Michael Tuttle, MDProfessor of MedicineMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterRadu Tutuian, MDAssociate Professor, GastroenterologyUniversity of Bern, SwitzerlandRenuka Umashanker, MDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNimish B Vakil, MD, AGAF, FACP, FACG, FASGEClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthJacques Van Dam, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUSC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CAFoke van Delft, MD, FEBGHDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsShyam Varadarajulu, MDMedical Director, Center for Interventional EndoscopyProfessor of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of MedicineSanthi Swaroop Vege, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicAdrian Vella, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicAlan P Venook, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoElizabeth C Verna, MD, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineColumbia UniversityJohn M Vierling, MD, FACPProfessor of Medicine and SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineXavier Villa, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition at Marshall UniversityNghia "Jack" Vo, MDProfessor of Radiology, Chief of Pediatric RadiologyMedical College of Wisconsin and Children's WisconsinPediatric Diagnostic and Vascular Interventional RadiologistCharles M Vollmer, Jr, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineArnold Wald, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, MadisonMichael B Wallace, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic, JacksonvilleAnne M Walling, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of California, Los AngelesXia Wang, MD, PhDResearch AssociateAlbert Einstein College of MedicineDavid J Weber, MD, MPHProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Public HealthSven Wehner, PhDProfessor of Immune PathophysiologyUniversity Medical Center, BonnSteven E Weinberger, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineExecutive Vice President and CEO EmeritusAmerican College of PhysiciansRoy E Weiss, MD, PhDProfessor and ChairmanUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicinePeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthNeil Wenger, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesDavid C Whitcomb, MD, PhDSection Editor — Pancreatic DiseasesProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMaurits J Wiersema, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineDaniel Wild, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGI Division, Duke University Medical CenterChristopher G Willett, MDSection Editor — Radiation TherapyProfessorDuke University Medical SchoolHarland S Winter, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolM Michael Wolfe, MDProfessor of MedicineProfessor of Physiology and BiophysicsCase Western Reserve UniversityBenjamin Wong, DSc, MD, PhDHonorary Clinical ProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Hong KongJohn B Wong, MDChief, Division of Clinical Decision MakingProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineRonald J Wong, BASenior Research Scientist, Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineLouis-Michel Wong Kee Song, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineCameron D Wright, MDDivision of Thoracic SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalDavid L Wyles, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoDivision ChiefDenver HealthStavra A Xanthakos, MD, MSProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineZhaohai Yang, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Clinical Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,Perelman School of MedicineDaniel Dante Yeh, MD, MHPE, FACS, FCCM, FASPENProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of MiamiRyder Trauma CenterDepartment of Surgery, Division of TraumaLinwah Yip, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineHarry H Yoon, MD, MHSProfessor of OncologyCo-Chair, Esophageal/Gastric Cancer Disease GroupMayo ClinicWilliam F Young, Jr, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineSalam F Zakko, MD, FACP, AGAFExecutive Director, Connecticut Clinical Research InstituteMedical Director, Connecticut Gastroenterology InstituteConsultant Gastroenterologist, Connecticut GIClinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of MedicineWisam F Zakko, MDGastroenterology Institute of Fort LauderdaleNaamah Zitomersky, MDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolPediatric Gastroenterologist, IBD Center, Boston Children's HospitalEugene Zolotarevsky, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorMichigan State University, College of Human MedicinePeer ReviewersManal F Abdelmalek, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterThomas L Abell, MDAGA Peer ReviewerArthur M Shoen MD Chair in GastroenterologyUniversity of LouisvilleDouglas G Adler, MD, FACG, AGAF, FASGESection Editor — Advanced EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy (CATE)Porter Adventist Hospital, Centura Health, Denver ColoradoNuzhat A Ahmad, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJohan S Bakken, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, DuluthJamie S Barkin, MD, MACP, MACG, FASGE, AGAFProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Miami, Miller School of MedicineMedical Director, Pancreas Center, University of MiamiAmy Barto, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University HospitalStephen J Bickston, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University Health CenterHerbert L Bonkovsky, MDAdjunct Professor, University of North CarolinaProfessor, University of ConnecticutJulia Bracken, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUMKC School of MedicineRobert S Brown, Jr, MD, MPHSection Editor — Liver TransplantationVincent Astor Distinguished Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeWilliam Brugge, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Camilleri, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and PhysiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineAndrés Cárdenas, MD, PhD, MMSc, AGAF, FAASLDInstitut de Malalties Digestives i MetaboliquesHospital Clinic, Barcelona, SpainUniversity of BarcelonaBrooks D Cash, MD, FACG, AGAF, FACPChief of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonProfessor of MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolDavid Cave, MD, PhDAssociate PhysicianBrigham and Women's Hospital, Senior Lecturer Harvard Medical SchoolDaniel C Chung, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul J Cicl*tira, MBBS, MD, PhD, FRCP, AGAFProfessor of GastroenterologyThe Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaFelipe B Collares, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Central FloridaRobert M Craig, MDEmeritus Professor Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineCarmen Cuffari, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineRoberto de Cleva, MD, PhDUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo, BrazilRonnie Fass, MDAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversitySyed M Abbas Fehmi, MD, MScAssistant Professor, Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of California, San DiegoPhillip R Fleshner, MD, FACSClinical Professor of SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterChristopher E Forsmark, MDProfessor of Medicine and ChiefDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionUniversity of FloridaLawrence S Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of MedicineNewton-Wellesley HospitalAssistant Chief of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalGregory G Ginsberg, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineFredric D Gordon, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University Medical SchoolStuart C Gordon, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAFClinical Professor of MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineWilliam M Grady, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterNeil J Halin, DO, FSIRAssistant Professor in RadiologyTufts University School of MedicineMatthew J Hamilton, MDInstructor in Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityWilliam L Hasler, MDMayo Clinic ArizonaIkuo Hirano, MDProfessor of Medicine, Gastroenterology DivisionNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineRichard A Hodin, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Horowitz, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineThe University of AdelaideChristopher S Huang, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineSergio Huerta, MDAssociate Professor, UT Southwestern Medical CenterThomas F Imperiale, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineAndreas M Kaiser, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Clinical Colorectal SurgeryUniversity of Southern California Keck School of MedicinePatrick S Kamath, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceSunanda V Kane, MD, MSPHSection Editor — Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseProfessorMayo Clinic College of MedicineNeil Kaplowitz, MDAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor and Chief, GI/LiverUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineVK Kapoor, FACS, FRCS, FACGProfessor, SGPGIMS Lucknow, IndiaZayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi UAEPhilip O Katz, MDDirector Motility LaboratoriesJay Monahan CenterWeill Cornell MedicineYoung-Mee Lee, MDGastroenterology Consultant PhysicianUniversity of Vermont Health NetworkChamplain Valley Physicians HospitalAGA Peer ReviewerCynthia Levy, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Miami School of MedicinePaul Martin, MD, FACPAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineKenneth EL McColl, MD, FRCP, FMedSciAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor, Head of Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of GlasgowJoseph Misdraji, MDAssociate PathologistMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolRupa Mukherjee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnil B Nagar, MDAssociate Professor, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineBergein F Overholt, MDMedical Director, Laser CenterThompson Cancer Survival Center, Knoxville, TNHenry P Parkman, MDProfessor of MedicineTemple University School of MedicineHarry Pothoulakis, MDProfessor of MedicinePathology and Laboratory MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAAmir A Qamar, MDMedical Director, Liver Transplant Program,Senior Staff Hepatologist, Lahey Hospital and MedicalMichael Quante, MDTechnical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der IsarEamonn Quigley, MDChief of GastroenterologyThe Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasLaura Raffals, MDInstructor of MedicineMayo ClinicSatish SC Rao, MD, PhD, FRCPChief, Gastroenterology/HepatologyAugusta UniversityNancy Reau, MDProfessor of MedicineRichard B. Capps Chair of HepatologyChief, Section of Hepatology Associate Director, Solid Organ TransplantationRush University Medical CenterK Rajender Reddy, MDRuimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine in SurgeryDirector of HepatologyDirector, Viral Hepatitis CenterMedical Director of Liver TransplantationUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMiguel Regueiro, MD, AGAF, FACG, FACPChair, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe Pier C. and Renee A. Borra Family Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology and HepatologyChair, Digestive Disease and Surgery InstituteCleveland ClinicProfessor of MedicineIngram Roberts, MD, MBAClinical Professor of Medicine (Adjunct)Temple University School of MedicineJonah N Rubin, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterAnna E Rutherford, MD, MPHInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJohn D Ryan, MBBS, MRCPI, PhDAcademic Clinical Lecturer in GastroenterologyUniversity of OxfordArturo P Saavedra, MD, PhD, MBAUniversity of Virginia Health SystemKenneth E. Greer Endowed Professor and ChairmanDepartment of DermatologyJohn R Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSection Editor — Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Saunders, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of Washington Medical CenterThomas J Savides, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, CAPeter Schemmer, MDDepartment of General SurgeryRuprecht-Karls University of HeidelbergAllison Schulman, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Medicine & SurgeryDirector of Bariatric EndoscopyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MichiganDetlef Schuppan, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolInstitute for Translational ImmunologyResearch Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, Division of GastroenterologyNeil Stollman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAFAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoMario Strazzabosco, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineYale University School of MedicinePavel Strnad, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, GermanyHaruhiko Sugimura, MD, PhDHamamatsu University School of MedicineAli Tavakkoli, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolDavid A Tendler, MDAssistant Consulting Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityBruce W Trotman, MDDigestive Disease Specialists of ManateeManatee Memorial HospitalRenuka Umashanker, MDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNimish B Vakil, MD, AGAF, FACP, FACG, FASGEClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthJohn J Vargo, MDDepartment of GastroenterologyCleveland Clinic FoundationMichael B Wallace, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic, JacksonvilleRebecca G Wells, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineYu-Xiao Yang, MD, MSCE, FACPAssistant Professor of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMatthew B. Yurgelun, MDDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School

CloseUpdated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) treatment strategy for managing hepatocellular carcinoma, 2022Updated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) treatment strategy for managing hepatocellular carcinoma, 2022Management of patients with HCC is guided by the BCLC staging system, which takes into account both tumor extent and the severity of the underlying liver disease and defines five prognostic subgroups with respective treatments. Treatment for early-stage tumors is with curative intent, and options include RFA, hepatic resection, and liver transplantation. Patients with intermediate or advanced HCC are candidates for chemoembolization or systemic therapies, respectively.ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; N1: lymph node metastasis; M1: distant metastasis; DDLT: deceased donor liver transplantation; LDLT: living donor liver transplantation.* Patients with end-stage liver disease if Child-Pugh class C should first be considered for liver transplantation.¶ Patients with preserved hepatic function Child-Pugh class A with normal bilirubin and no portal hypertension are optimal candidates for hepatic resection.Δ Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab has been approved as new first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Nonetheless, sorafenib and lenvatinib are still considered first line options when there is a contraindication for the combination treatment.From: Llovet JM, Villanueva A, Marrero JA, et al. Trial Design and Endpoints in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: AASLD Consensus Conference. Hepatology 2021; 73 Suppl 1:158-191. https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.31327. Copyright © 2021 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Inc. This image has been provided by or is owned by Wiley. Further permission is needed before it can be downloaded to PowerPoint, printed, shared or emailed. Please contact Wiley's Permissions Department either via email: permissions@wiley.com or use the RightsLink service by clicking on the Request Permission link accompanying this article on Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com).Graphic 139139 Version 1.0

CloseAuthors and Editors in PsychiatryAuthors and Editors in PsychiatryEditors-in-ChiefPeter P Roy-Byrne, MDEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Depressive DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineMurray B Stein, MD, MPHEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Anxiety DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Public HealthUniversity of California San DiegoDeputy EditorsMichael Friedman, MDDeputy Editor — PsychiatryDavid Solomon, MDDeputy Editor — PsychiatryClinical Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown University School of MedicineSection EditorsDavid Brent, MDSection Editor — Childhood Mental DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJoel Dimsdale, MDSection Editor — Somatic Symptom and Related DisordersProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoPaul Keck, MDSection Editor — Bipolar DisordersProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineStephen Marder, MDSection Editor — Psychotic DisordersProfessor of PsychiatrySemel Institute of Neuroscience at UCLASusan McElroy, MDSection Editor — Impulse Control DisordersProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of CincinnatiPeter P Roy-Byrne, MDEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Depressive DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineAndrew J Saxon, MDSection Editor — Substance Use DisordersProfessor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonJonathan M Silver, MDSection Editor — Mental and Medical DisordersClinical Professor of PsychiatryNew York University School of MedicineAndrew Skodol, MDSection Editor — Personality DisordersResearch Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineDavid Spiegel, MDSection Editor — Dissociative DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesStanford University School of MedicineMurray B Stein, MD, MPHEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Anxiety DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Public HealthUniversity of California San DiegoJoel Yager, MDSection Editor — Eating DisordersProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineEditorial AssistantsJason Kwan, BAContent Editing AssociateAuthorsJonathan Abramowitz, PhDProfessor of PsychologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillMarc Agronin, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineAnn Marie Albano, PhD, ABPPProfessor of Medical Psychology (in Psychiatry)Columbia UniversityPino Alonso, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaEvan Alvarez, MAResearch Project CoordinatorColumbia University, New York State Psychiatric InstituteJ Todd Arnedt, PhDProfessor, Departments of Psychiatry and NeurologyMichigan Medicine, University of MichiganEvelyn Attia, MDProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterMarilyn Augustyn, MDSection Editor — Developmental and Behavioral PediatricsAssociate ProfessorBoston University School of MedicineDavid Avery, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineDavid Axelson, MDProfessor of PsychiatryThe Ohio State University College of MedicineSudie E Back, PhDProfessorMedical University of South CarolinaDavid Baldwin, MA, DM FRCPsychProfessor of Psychiatry and Section Head, Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Southampton Faculty of MedicineDavid Baron, MSEd, DO, DFAPAProvost and Senior Vice PresidentWestern University of Health Sciences Emeritus Professor, Keck University of USCWilliam C Becker, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineYale School of MedicineDonna Bender, PhDDirector of Strategic Initiatives, Computer Science and Engineering, University of MichiganFaculty, New Orleans-Birmingham Psychoanalytic CenterDavid Benedek, MDProfessor and ChairUniformed Services University School of MedicineShannon Bennett, PhDAssistant Professor of Psychology in PsychiatryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeBoris Birmaher, MDEndowed Chair in Early Onset Bipolar Disease, Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh, School of MedicineRobert J Birnbaum, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolDonald W Black, MDProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineStaff psychiatristIowa City Veterans HospitalWilliam V Bobo, MD, MPHProfessor of PsychiatryMayo College of MedicineCecilia and Dan Carmichael Family Associate Director for the Center for Individualized Medicine in FloridaLiza Bonin, PhDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and PsychiatryBaylor College of MedicineAndrea Bradford, PhDBaylor College of MedicineDepartment of Medicine - Section of GastroenterologyKathleen Brady, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryMedical University of South CarolinaRaphael J Braga, MDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryHofstra University/Northwell HealthCenter for Treatment and Research of Bipolar DisorderThe Zucker Hillside HospitalBethany Brand, PhDProfessor of Psychology Towson UniversityDavid Brent, MDSection Editor — Childhood Mental DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineRichard Bryant, PhDProfessor of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesRobert W Buchanan, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineEric Bui, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Caen NormandyOscar Bukstein, MDProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBrenda Bursch, PhDProfessor of Clinical Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, and PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAJuan Bustillo, MDProfessor of Psychiatry & NeuroscienceUniversity of New MexicoAlexander Bystritsky, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesDirector, Anxiety Disorder Program and Targeted Brain Stimulation ProgramSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesJohn S Cacciola, PhDAdjunct Professor of Psychology in PsychiatryPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaKristin Cadenhead, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoEve Caligor, MDClinical Professor of PsychiatryColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsAustin R Campbell, PharmD, BCPPClinical Assistant Professor UMKC School of Pharmacy at MUAdjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Missouri School of Medicine E Cabrina Campbell, MDProfessor of PsychiatryVice Chair of Education, Director, Residency ProgramPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterStanley N Caroff, MDProfessor of PsychiatryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaCpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPeijun Chen, MD, MPH, PhDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineStaff Geriatric Psychiatrist, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System Cleveland VA Medical CenterYujuan Choy, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry (volunteer faculty)University of California, IrvineEmil Coccaro, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral HealthThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterM Justin Coffey, MDChair, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral HealthGeisinger Health SystemPhillip Coffin, MD, MIADirector of Substance Use ResearchCenter for Public Health Research, San Francisco Department of Public HealthJudith A Cohen, MDProfessor of PsychiatryDrexel University College of MedicineFrancesc Colom, PhD, PsyD, MScHeadMental Health Research Program-PSMARAssociate ProfessorUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCIBERSAMK Ryan Connolly, MD, MSClinical Assistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineChristoph U Correll, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Molecular MedicineHofstra Northwell School of MedicineWilliam Coryell, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Iowa, Carver College of MedicineMichelle Craske, PhDDirector, Anxiety Research CenterUniversity of California, Los Angeles Department of PsychologyScott J Crow, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaLarry Culpepper, MD, MPHProfessor of Family MedicineBoston University School of MedicineColin S Cunningham, PhDBaltimore, MDPhilip D Darney, MD, MScDistinguished Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Health Policy, EmeritusUniversity of California, San FranciscoPelle P de Koning, MDDepartment of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsValdesha DeJean, MDPacific Medical Centers - Canyon Park ClinicDamiaan Denys, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryAcademic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, AmsterdamMichael Devlin, MDProfessor of Clinical PsychiatryColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsSona Dimidjian, PhDDirector, Renée Crown Wellness InstituteProfessor, Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderAlice D Domar, PhDChief Compassion OfficerInception FertilityFrank J Domino, MDProfessor of Family MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBenjamin Druss, MD, MPHProfessor and Rosalynn Carter Chair in Mental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityKaren L Dugosh, PhDSenior ScientistPublic Health Management CorporationYael Dvir, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolScott Engel, PhDAssociate ScientistSanford ResearchRandall T Espinoza, MD, MPHProfessor of Clinical Psychiatry andMuriel Harris Endowed Chair of Geriatric PsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesGeffen School of Medicine at UCLALorena Fernández de la Cruz, PhDAssistant ProfessorKarolinska InstitutetBernard A Fischer, MDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineEllen Fitzsimmons-Craft, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineBrad Foote, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityAaron Fox, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineOliver Freudenreich, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolPaul A Frewen, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioMichael Friedman, MDDeputy Editor — PsychiatryGlen Gabbard, MDProfessor of PsychiatrySUNY Upstate Medical UniversityClinical Professor of PsychiatryBaylor College of MedicineBradley N Gaynes, MD, MPHProfessor of Psychiatry, Associate Chair for Psychiatry Research Training and Education University of North Carolina School of MedicineJeffrey M Gelfand, MD, MAS, FAANAssociate Professor of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoMichael Gitlin, MDProfessor of Clinical PsychiatryGeffen School of Medicine at UCLACatherine Glenn, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychologyOld Dominion UniversityAndrew Goddard, MDProfessor Emeritus of Psychiatry, UCSFUCSF Fresno Medical Education & Research ProgramAdam J Gordon, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAMProfessor of Medicine and PsychiatryUniversity of Utah School of MedicineDavid A Gorelick, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLeah Gramlich, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaSophie Grigoriadis, MD, MA, PhD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreDerrick Hamaoka, LtCol, USAF, MC, FSAssociate ProfessorUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesKaren Hartwell, MDAssociate ProfessorMedical University of South CarolinaDavid C Henderson, MDProfessor of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineVictoria Hendrick, MDClinical ProfessorDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLAMichael Hirsch, MDInstructor in PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolStefan G Hofmann, PhDProfessor of PsychologyBoston UniversityStephen R Holt, MD, MS, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineYale School of MedicinePaul E Holtzheimer, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and SurgeryThe Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKaren Ingersoll, PhDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral SciencesUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineMichael R Irwin, MDCousins Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAProfessor of Psychology, UCLA College of Letters and SciencesPhilip G Janicak, MDAdjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineRobin B Jarrett, PhDElizabeth H. Penn Professor in Clinical PsychologyThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterL Fredrik Jarskog, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillMichael D Jibson, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganJennifer Jones, MDAssistant ProfessorMedical University of South CarolinaKyle Kampman, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaJohn Kane, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Molecular MedicineHofstra Northwell School of MedicineJason Karlawish, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical Ethics and Health PolicyUniversity of PennsylvaniaBrooks Keeshin, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of UtahGabor Keitner, MDProfessor of PsychiatryBrown UniversityCharles Kellner, MDProfessor (Adjunct)Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SCStephanie Kennebeck, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of Cincinnati School of MedicineRobert S Kern, PhDResearcherUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineMary C Kimmel, MDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUNC Chapel HillTaishiro Kishimoto, MDAssociate Professor of Neuropsychiatry Keio University School of MedicineDiane Klein, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PsychiatryNew York University School of MedicineRanga Krishnan, MDProfessor of PsychiatryRush UniversityRalph Kupka, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of PsychiatryUta Landy, PhDNational DirectorRyan Residency Training ProgramFellowship in Family PlanningUniversity of California, San FranciscoRuth Lanius, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryThe University of Western OntarioJohn Lauriello, MDDaniel Lieberman Professor and Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorSenior Vice President of Behavioral HealthJefferson Health and the Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeKimberly Glazier Leonte, PhDClearview HorizonsJames L Levenson, MDProfessor of Psychiatry, Medicine, and SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineJon Levenson, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityStephen B Levine, MDClinical Professor of PsychiatryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineMitchell Levy, MDAssistant Professor of Health Services and Psychiatric EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineOliver Lindhiem, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineRichard J Loewenstein, MDAdjunct ProfessorDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJulie Lord, MDAssistant Residency Training Director,University of Washington Outpatient Psychiatry ClinicTiffany Lu, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineJeffrey M Lyness, MDSenior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsProfessor of Psychiatry and NeurologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterJoanna V MacLean, MDAssistant Professor, Clinician Educator, Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityStephan C Mann, MD, DLFAPAPrivate practiceHarleysville, PATheo Manschreck, MDProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolStephen Marder, MDSection Editor — Psychotic DisordersProfessor of PsychiatrySemel Institute of Neuroscience at UCLAScott F Martin, MDClinical InstructorCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineDavid Mataix-Cols, PhDProfessor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric ScienceKarolinska InstitutetRandi E McCabe, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry & Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityJoseph McEvoy, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Health Behavior Medical College of GeorgiaJames R McKay, PhDProfessor of Psychology in PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaKimberly D McLaren, MDAssistant Professor of Health Services and Psychiatric EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington Medical SchoolKatie McLaughlin, PhDDepartment of PsychologyHarvard UniversityPhilip Mehler, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoSamantha Meltzer-Brody, MD, MPHAssociate Professor and Associate Chair for Faculty DevelopmentDirector, UNC Perinatal Psychiatry ProgramUNC Center for Women’s Mood DisordersLisa J Merlo, PhD, MPEAssociate Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of FloridaJames E Mitchell, MDProfessor Emeritus - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral ScienceUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesResearch ScientistSanford Biobehavioral Research InstituteRamin Mojtabai, MD, PhD, MPHProfessor of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthC Scott Moreland, DOClinical Assistant ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineKim T Mueser, PhDProfessor, Departments of Occupational Therapy, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and PsychiatryBoston UniversityPeter J Na, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PsychiatryYale UniversityCraig Nelson, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of California San Francisco*katharine J Nelson, MDVice Chair for EducationAssociate Professor, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolAndrew Nierenberg, MDProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts General HospitalMatthew K Nock, PhDProfessor of PsychologyHarvard UniversitySonya Norman, PhDProfessorUniversity of California San DiegoPatrick G O'Connor, MD, MPHDan Adams and Amanda Adams Professor of General MedicineChief, General Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineLauren M Osborne, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and of Gynecology & ObstetricsDirector, Center for Women’s Reproductive Mental HealthFellowship Director, Advanced Specialty Training Program in Reproductive PsychiatryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineChristine Pace, MD, MScMedical Director, Population Health ServicesBoston Medical Center Health SystemAssistant Professor, Boston University School of MedicineEliza Park, MDAssistant Professor of Psychiatry and MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillTae Woo Park, MD, MScAssistant Professor of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineMartin Paulus, MDAdjunct Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoJennifer Payne, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineK Michelle Peavy, PhD, MACClinical Associate ProfessorDirector of Training, PRISM CollaborativeDept. of Community and Behavioral HealthElson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversityMark J Petrini, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine and PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterKatharine A Phillips, MDProfessor of Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical CollegeAdjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityAndrew A Pieper, MD, PhDInvestigator, The Harrington Discovery Institute Professor of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve UniversityKathleen Pike, PhDProfessor of Psychology and PsychiatryColumbia UniversityRobert M Post, MDClinical Professor of PsychiatryGeorge Washington UniversityAnthony Puliafico, PhDAssociate Professor of Medical Psychology (in Psychiatry)Columbia UniversityAdam Rahman, MD, DABIM, FRCPCAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Western OntarioCharles F Reynolds III, MDDistinguished Professor of Psychiatry and UPMC Endowed Professor in Geriatric PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJacynthe Rivest, MDClinical Assistant Professor in PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealDiana Robinson, MBBS FACSEPChair, Curriculum CommitteeChief Project Manager, Specialist Training Program Education ProjectsAustralasian College of Sport and Exercise PhysiciansDaniel R Rosell, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDavid Rosenberg, MDProfessor and Chair of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeurosciencesWayne State UniversityDonald L Rosenstein, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillAnthony J Rothschild, MDIrving S. and Betty Brudnick Endowed Chair and Professor of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolPeter P Roy-Byrne, MDEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Depressive DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineJose M Rubio, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryHofstra School of Medicine at NorthwellA John Rush, MDProfessor EmeritusNational University of Singapore, Duke-NUSMoira A Rynn, MDProfessor of PsychiatryDuke UniversityMartha Sajatovic, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and NeurologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineJitender Sareen, MD, FRCPCProfessor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaAndrew J Saxon, MDSection Editor — Substance Use DisordersProfessor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonRebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACPProfessor of MedicineWest Virginia University School of MedicineFranklin R Schneier, MDSpecial Lecturer in PsychiatryColumbia UniversityJennifer Schreiber, MDGeorgetown University HospitalZindel Segal, PhD, C.PsychProfessor of Psychiatry University of TorontoKevin A Sevarino, MD, PhDAssociate Clinical Professor of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineMichael Sharpe, MDProfessor of Psychological Medicine University of OxfordM Katherine Shear, MDMarion E. Kenworthy Professor of Psychiatry in Social WorkDirector, Center for Prolonged GriefColumbia UniversityRichard C Shelton, MDCharles Byron Ireland ChairProfessor and Vice Chair for ResearchUAB Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeurobiologyDaphne Simeon, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorMount Sinai School of MedicineNaomi M Simon, MD, MScProfessor, NYU Grossman School of MedicineDirector, Anxiety, Stress and Prolonged Grief ProgramNYU Langone HealthHelen Blair Simpson, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversitySamuel G Siris, MDProfessor Emeritus of PsychiatryZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellBrian Skehan, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Psychiatry and PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolAndrew Skodol, MDSection Editor — Personality DisordersResearch Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineMary V Solanto, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics and PsychiatryHofstra Northwell School of MedicineDivision of Developmental and Behavioral PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsCohen Children’s Medical Center of New YorkDavid Solomon, MDDeputy Editor — PsychiatryClinical Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown University School of MedicineJoanna L Starrels, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical CenterKristine Steffen, PharmD, PhDResearch ScientistNeuropsychiatric Research InstituteMelissa Stein, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMurray B Stein, MD, MPHEditor-in-Chief — PsychiatrySection Editor — Anxiety DisordersProfessor of Psychiatry and Public HealthUniversity of California San DiegoJoanna Steinglass, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical PsychiatryColumbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric InstituteDonna Stewart, CM, MD, FRCPCUniversity Professor of Psychiatry, Ob-Gyn, Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesia, and Family and Community MedicineUniversity of Toronto and University Health NetworkMaxine Stitzer, PhDEmerita Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineSenior Research ScientistFriends Research Institute, BaltimoreJon Stone, FRCP, PhDHonorary Professor of NeurologyUniversity of EdinburghJeffrey Stovall, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryVanderbilt School of MedicineEric Strain, MDDirector, Johns Hopkins Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and ResearchDirector, Behavioral Pharmacology Research UnitJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineJeffrey Strawn, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of CincinnatiT. Scott Stroup, MD, MPHProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityKathryn N Suh, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Ottawa, CanadaTrisha Suppes, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry & Behavioral ScienceStanford/VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemHolly A Swartz, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMary M Sweeney, PhDInstructor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Bayview Medical CenterRobyn Sysko, PhDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mt. SinaiPuneeta Tandon, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alberta, CanadaCharles T Taylor, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoScott A Teitelbaum, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of FloridaScott Temple, PhDClinical Professor, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Iowa Hospitals & ClinicsJeanette M Tetrault, MD, FACP, FASAMProfessor of MedicineYale School of MedicineMichael Thase, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineGeoffrey H Tofler, MDProfessor of CardiologyUniversity of Sydney, AustraliaResearch FellowHarvard Medical SchoolGlenn J Treisman, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineJürgen Unützer, MD, MPHProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of WashingtonMichael Van Ameringen, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineEduard Vieta, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of BarcelonaSimone Vigod, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoAdele Viguera, MDDirector of Research, Women’s Mental Health; Assistant Professor in PsychiatryCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineBrenda Vincenzi, MDSchizophrenia Clinical and Research ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalJeffrey Vittengl, PhDProfessor of PsychologyTruman State UniversityIrwin D Waldman, PhDProfessor of PsychologyEmory UniversityJohn T Walkup, MDProfessor of PsychiatryChair, Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryAnn and Robert H. Lurie Children’s HospitalB Timothy Walsh, MDProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityMartha Ward, MDAssistant ProfessorEmory University School of MedicineJames C West, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesJoel Yager, MDSection Editor — Eating DisordersProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJinoos Yazdany, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoRupal Yu, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, UNC Department of Family MedicineCarrboro STEP Primary Care Lead, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineMark Zimmerman, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryBrown University School of MedicineSidney Zisook, MDDistinguished Professor of PsychiatryUC San DiegoChristie Zunker, PhD, CPH, CHESEvaluation Scientist at ICF InternationalPeer ReviewersElias Aboujaoude, MDClinical ProfessorStanford University School of MedicineSteve Adelman, MDClinical Associate Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Massachusetts School of MedicineDaniel Alford, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineEvelyn Attia, MDProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterDavid Avery, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineCatherine Ayers, PhDAssistant ProfessorUC San Diego School of MedicineRichard Balon, MDProfessor (Clinical) of Psychiatry and AnesthesiologyWayne State University School of MedicineSteven L Batki, MDProfessor of Psychiatry, University of California, San FranciscoChief, Substance Abuse Programs and Director, AddictionResearch Program, San Francisco VA Medical CenterBoris Birmaher, MDEndowed Chair in Early Onset Bipolar Disease, Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh, School of MedicineMichael H Bloch, MD, MSAssistant ProfessorYale Child Study CenterHillary R Bogner, MD, MSCEAssistant ProfessorUniversity of PennsylvaniaBethany Brand, PhDProfessor of Psychology Towson UniversityRobert W Buchanan, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLes Citrome, MDClinical Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNew York Medical CollegeHeidi Combs, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineDaniel F Connor, MDLockean Distinguished Professor of PsychiatryChief Division of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineDeborah Cowley, MDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonScott J Crow, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMichael Devlin, MDProfessor of Clinical PsychiatryColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsSteven L Dubovsky, MDProfessor and Chair, Department of PsychiatryJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloOliver Freudenreich, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolManuel Fuentes, MDAssistant ProfessorPsychiatry DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana/Universidad del DesarrolloBradley N Gaynes, MD, MPHProfessor of Psychiatry, Associate Chair for Psychiatry Research Training and Education University of North Carolina School of MedicineMichael Gitlin, MDProfessor of Clinical PsychiatryGeffen School of Medicine at UCLABenjamin Goldstein, MD, PhD, FRCPAssociate Professor of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Psychological Clinical ScienceUniversity of TorontoPaul Grekin, MDClinical Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Washington Medical SchoolCeri Hadda, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of PsychiatryNYU School of MedicineVictoria Hendrick, MDClinical ProfessorDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLAPhilip G Janicak, MDAdjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineDanielle Johnson, MD, FAPAAdjunct Assistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine/Lindner Center of HOPECourtney Kassar, MDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of Cincinnati, Lindner Center of HopeRyan Kimmel, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineNicole Lanouette, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorDepartment of PsychiatryMedical Director, Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Services, UCSDRoberto Lewis-Fernandez, MDProfessor of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical CenterDirector of the NY State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence and the Hispanic Treatment Program, NYS Psychiatric InstituteRichard J Loewenstein, MDAdjunct ProfessorDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineShari I Lusskin, MD, FAPAClinical Professor of Psychiatry, Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiAttendingMount Sinai Medical CenterSloan Manning, MDAdjunct Associate ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina, School of MedicineTheo Manschreck, MDProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolJoseph O Merrill, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Medicine University of Washington School of MedicineErik Messamore, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of CincinnatiKaren Miotto, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUCLA School of MedicineJames E Mitchell, MDProfessor Emeritus - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral ScienceUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesResearch ScientistSanford Biobehavioral Research InstituteKatharine J Nelson, MDVice Chair for EducationAssociate Professor, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolJitender Sareen, MD, FRCPCProfessor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaScott H Stewart, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkT. Scott Stroup, MD, MPHProfessor of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityJeffrey C Sung, MDActing InstructorUniversity of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesThomas N Wise, MDProfessor of PsychiatryJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine George Washington School of Medicine (Associate Chair)Mark Zimmerman, MDAssociate Professor of PsychiatryBrown University School of Medicine

Beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, grouped together based upon a shared structural feature, the beta-lactam ring. The classification, spectrum of activity and pharmacology of one group of beta-lactam antibiotics, the penicillins, will be reviewed here. The mechanis

CloseSummary of recommendations for transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma from an International Consensus ConferenceSummary of recommendations for transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma from an International Consensus Conference  Level of evidence Strength of recommendation Assessment of candidates with HCC for liver transplantation 1. When considering treatment options for patients with HCC, the BCLC staging system is the preferred staging system to assess the prognosis of patients with HCC. 2b (P) Strong 2. The TNM system (7th edition), including pathological examination of the explanted liver, should be used for determining prognosis after transplantation with the addition of assessment of microvascular invasion. 2b (P) Strong 3. Either dynamic CT or dynamic MRI with the presence of arterial enhancement followed by washout on portal venous or delayed imaging is the best non-invasive test to make a diagnosis in cirrhotic patients suspected of having HCC and for preoperative staging. 1b (D) Strong 4. Extrahepatic staging should include CT of the chest and CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis. 3b (D) Strong 5. Tumor biopsy is not required in cirrhotic patients considered for liver transplantation who have high-quality dynamic CT or MRI findings typical for HCC and a lesion larger than 1 cm according to current AASLD guidelines. 1b (D) Weak 6. For patients with lesions smaller or equal to 10 mm, non-invasive imaging does not allow an accurate diagnosis and should not be used to make a decision for or against transplantation. 1b (D) Strong Criteria for listing candidates with HCC in cirrhotic livers for DDLT 7. Liver transplantation should be reserved for HCC patients who have a predicted five-year survival comparable to non-HCC patients. NA Weak 8. Preoperative assessment of the size of the largest tumor or total diameter of tumors should be the main consideration in selecting patients with HCC for liver transplantation. 2a (P) Strong 9. The Milan criteria are currently the benchmark for the selection of HCC patients for liver transplantation and the basis for comparison with other suggested criteria. 2a (P) Strong 10. A modest expansion of the number of potential candidates may be considered on the basis of several studies showing comparable survival for patients outside the Milan criteria. 3b (P) Weak 11. Patients with worse prognosis may be considered for liver transplantation outside the Milan criteria if the dynamics of the waiting list allow it without undue prejudice to other recipients with a better prognosis. NA Weak 12. α-fetoprotein concentrations add prognostic information in HCC patients and may be used for making decisions regarding transplantation in combination with imaging criteria. 2b (P) Weak 13. Biomarkers other than α-fetoprotein cannot yet be used for clinical decision making regarding liver transplantation for HCC. 2b (P) Strong 14. Indication for liver transplantation in HCC should not rely on microvascular invasion because it cannot be reliably detected prior to transplantation. 2b (P) Strong Criteria for HCC candidates with non-cirrhotic livers 15. The Milan criteria and its modifications are not applicable to patients with HCC developing in a non-cirrhotic liver. Such patients with non-resectable HCC and absence of macrovascular invasion and extrahepatic spread may be considered as appropriate candidates for liver transplantation. 4 (P) Weak 16. Patients with HCC in non-cirrhotic liver who were treated by resection, and have intrahepatic recurrence of HCC and no evidence of lymph node or macrovascular invasion, may be considered for salvage transplantation. 4 (P) Weak Role of downstaging 17. Transplantation may be considered after successful downstaging. 5 (P) Weak 18. Liver transplantation after successful downstaging should achieve a five-year survival comparable to that of HCC patients who meet the criteria for liver transplantation without requiring downstaging. 5 (P) Strong 19. Criteria for successful downstaging should include tumor size and number of viable tumors. 4 (P) Strong 20. α-fetoprotein concentrations before and after downstaging may add additional information. 4 (P) Weak 21. Based on existing evidence, no recommendation can be made for preferring a specific locoregional therapy for downstaging over others. NA None Managing patients on the waiting list 22. Periodic waiting-list monitoring should be performed by imaging (dynamic CT, dynamic MRI, or contrast-enhanced ultrasonography) and α-fetoprotein measurements. 5 (P) Strong 23. Based on current absence of evidence, no recommendation can be made on bridging therapy in patients with UNOS T1 (≤2 cm) HCC. NA None 24. In patients with UNOS T2 (one nodule 2 to 5 cm or three or more nodules each ≤3 cm) HCC (Milan criteria) and a likely waiting time longer than six months, locoregional therapy may be appropriate. 4 (P) Weak 25. No recommendation can be made for preferring any type of locoregional therapy to others. NA None 26. Patients found to have progressed beyond criteria acceptable for listing for liver transplantation should be placed on hold and considered for downstaging. 5 (P) Strong 27. Patients with progressive disease in whom locoregional intervention is not considered appropriate, or is ineffective, should be removed from the waiting list. 5 (P) Strong Role of LDLT 28. LDLT is acceptable for HCC patients who have an expected five-year survival similar to comparably staged patients receiving a deceased donor liver. In LDLT, careful attention should be given to psychosocial considerations regarding both donor and recipient. NA Weak 29. LDLT must be restricted to centers of excellence in liver surgery and liver transplantation to minimize donor risk and maximize recipient outcome. NA Strong 30. In patients following LDLT for HCC within the accepted regional criteria for DDLT, retransplantation for graft failure is justified. 5 (P) Weak 31. In patients following LDLT for HCC outside the accepted regional criteria for DDLT, retransplantation for graft failure using a deceased donor organ is not recommended. 5 (P) Strong Posttransplant management 32. Posttransplant monitoring may include 6 to 12 monthly contrast-enhanced CT or MRI imaging and α-fetoprotein measurements. 5 (P) Weak 33. There is currently insufficient evidence from clinical trials to base a recommendation for choosing the type or dose of immunosuppression therapy to influence the incidence of HCC recurrence or its prognosis. NA None 34. Based on current evidence, no recommendation can be made on the use of mTOR inhibitors solely to reduce the risk of HCC recurrence outside clinical trials. NA None 35. The current evidence does not justify the routine use of adjuvant antitumor therapy after liver transplantation for HCC outside of a controlled clinical trial. NA Weak 36. HCC recurrence after liver transplantation may be treated by surgery for resectable lesions or by locoregional therapy or systemic therapy (including sorafenib) for unresectable lesions. 4 (p) Weak 37. Liver retransplantation is not appropriate treatment for recurrent HCC. NA StrongLevel of evidence for each recommendation refers to the Oxford classification.HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; TNM: tumor, node, metastasis; P: prognosis; D: diagnosis; AASLD: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; NA: not applicable; OLT: orthotopic liver transplantation; UNOS: United Network for Organ Sharing; LDLT: living donor liver transplantation; DDLT: deceased donor liver transplantation; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin.Reproduced from: Clavien PA, Lesurtel M, Bossuyt PM, et al. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e11. Illustration used with the permission of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Graphic 83727 Version 1.0

CloseAvailability of drugs for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in non-endemic countriesAvailability of drugs for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in non-endemic countries WHO emergency stock of drugs in Geneva Strategic stocks of anti-trypanosomal medicines Hospital, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (United Kingdom) University College London, NHS Foundation Trust, London (United Kingdom) FMH Innere Medizin und Tropen- und Reisemedizin, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institut, Basel (Switzerland) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (USA) Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo (Japan) Universitair Ziekenhuis, Antwerpen (Belgium) Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam (The Netherlands) Hospital Clinic, Barcelona (Spain) Netcare Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg (South Africa) National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China CDC, Shanghai (China) Department of Tropical Medicine, Missioklinik Würzburg (Germany)Anti-trypanosomal medicines are donated by Sanofi and Bayer and distributed solely under the responsibility of WHO. They cannot be obtained commercially (except for pentamidine, which is used to treat diseases other than HAT). The medicines are provided to countries in which the disease is endemic through WHO country offices, upon request, according to the needs and information provided. To treat HAT cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries, pharmaceutical services should request the medicines from WHO and provide epidemiological and clinical data on cases in whom the disease is diagnosed. This information enables WHO to maintain an HAT surveillance system for non-endemic countries that provides valuable information on "spots" of transmission to complement the data collected in endemic countries. This information is provided directly to the endemic countries and can be used to trigger specific activities.Reproduced from: Report of the third WHO stakeholders meeting on rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis, World Health Organization, Copyright © 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240012936 (Accessed on December 14, 2020).Graphic 130333 Version 1.0

CloseStudies reporting five-year survival in early stage HCC after RFA as the first-line nonsurgical therapy, stratified by Child-Turcotte-Pugh stageStudies reporting five-year survival in early stage HCC after RFA as the first-line nonsurgical therapy, stratified by Child-Turcotte-Pugh stage Study Number of patients Overall survival rate (%) At one year At three years At five years Lencioni et al (2005)1Child-Pugh A: 144 Child-Pugh B: 43Child-Pugh A: 100 Child-Pugh B: 89Child-Pugh A: 76 Child-Pugh B: 46Child-Pugh A: 51 Child-Pugh B: 31 Tateishi et al (2005)2Child-Pugh A: 221 Child-Pugh B to C*: 98Child-Pugh A: 96 Child-Pugh B to C: 90Child-Pugh A: 83 Child-Pugh B to C: 65Child-Pugh A: 63 Child-Pugh B to C: 31 Choi et al (2007)3Child-Pugh A: 359 Child-Pugh B: 160Child-Pugh A: NR Child-Pugh B: NRChild-Pugh A: 78 Child-Pugh B: 49Child-Pugh A: 64 Child-Pugh B: 38 N'Kontchou et al (2009)4Resectable¶: 67 Unresectable¶: 168Resectable: NR Unresectable: NRResectable: 82 Unresectable: 49Resectable: 76 Unresectable: 27HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; RFA: radiofrequency ablation; NR: not reported; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic for Liver Cancer.* Only 4 of 98 patients had Child-Pugh C cirrhosis.¶ Based upon BCLC criteria for resection: single tumor, normal bilirubin level (<1.5 mg/dL), and absence of significant portal hypertension.References:Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L, et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 2005; 234:961.Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer 2005; 103:1201.Choi D, Lim HK, Rhim H, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma as a first-line treatment: long-term results and prognostic factors in a large single-institution series. Eur Radiol 2007; 17:684.N'Kontchou G, Mahamoudi A, Aout M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors in 235 Western patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009; 50:1475.Reprinted by permission from: Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. Breen DJ, Lencioni R. Image-guided ablation of primary liver and renal tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:175. Copyright © 2015. http://www.nature.com/nrclinonc/.Graphic 117954 Version 5.0

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an inherited disorder caused by a genetic defect in the red blood cell (RBC) enzyme G6PD, which generates NADPH and protects RBCs from oxidative injury. G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of RBCs.The severity of hemolytic anem

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose and serves as a buffer for glucose needs. It is composed of long polymers of a 1-4 linked glucose, interrupted by a 1-6 linked branch point every 4 to 10 residues. Glycogen is formed in periods of dietary carbohydrate loading and broken down when glucose demand

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor that usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. It is typically diagnosed late in the course of the chronic liver disease [1]. The patient's hepatic reserve, as indicated by the Child-Pugh classification, often dictates

CloseAuthors and Editors in General SurgeryAuthors and Editors in General SurgeryEditors-in-ChiefRaphael E Pollock, MDSection Editor — Soft Tissue SarcomaEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityDavid I Soybel, MDSection Editor — Upper GI SurgeryEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryChief of Surgical ServicesDeputy EditorsWenliang Chen, MD, PhDSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — General SurgeryKathryn A Collins, MD, PhD, FACSDeputy Editor — General SurgerySection EditorsStanley W Ashley, MDSection Editor — Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary SurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalFrank Sawyer Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRussell S Berman, MDSection Editor — Skin and Soft Tissue SurgeryVice Chair for Education and Faculty AffairsChief, Division of Surgical OncologyDirector, Surgical Residency Training ProgramProfessor of SurgeryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineEileen M Bulger, MD, FACSSection Editor — Trauma SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonSally E Carty, MD, FACSSection Editor — Endocrine SurgeryProfessor, Chief, Division of Endocrine SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineAnees B Chagpar, MD, MSc, MA, MPH, MBA, FACS, FRCS(C)Section Editor — Breast SurgeryProfessor, Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineDenis L Clement, MD, PhDSection Editor — Vascular MedicineEmeritus Professor of Cardiology-AngiologyUniversity of Ghent, BelgiumAmalia Cochran, MD, FACS, FCCMSection Editor — Basic surgical principlesProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of FloridaMark A Creager, MD, FAHA, FACC, MSVMSection Editor — Vascular MedicineDirector, Heart and Vascular CenterDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterAnna Gundlach Huber Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthIngemar Davidson, MD, PhD, FACSSection Editor — Arterial and Venous AccessAdjunct Professor of SurgeryTulane UniversityEllen D Dillavou, MDSection Editor — Arterial and Venous AccessDivision Chief of Vascular Surgery for Wake Med HospitalsRaleigh, North CarolinaJohn F Eidt, MDSection Editor — Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryProfessor of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science CenterVice Chair of Vascular Surgical Services, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital at DallasMarvin P Fried, MD, FACSSection Editor — Head and Neck SurgeryProfessor and University Chairman, EmeritusMontefiore Medical CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMarc G Jeschke, MD, PhDSection Editor — Burn SurgeryVice President Research, Hamilton Health Sciences Medical Director Burn Program, Hamilton Health SciencesProfessor of Surgery, McMaster UniversityDaniel Jones, MDSection Editor — Bariatric and Metabolic SurgeryProfessorRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolStephanie B Jones, MDEditor-in-Chief — AnesthesiologySection Editor — Anesthesia with Comorbid Non-Cardiopulmonary ConditionsProfessor of AnesthesiologyAlbany Medical CollegeBrian E Louie, MD, MHA, MPH, FRCSC, FACSSection Editor — Esophageal SurgeryDirectorThoracic Research and Education Executive Co-Medical Director and Surgical ChairSwedish Digestive Health Institute, Division of Thoracic SurgeryJeffrey Marks, MDSection Editor — Minimally Invasive SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryUniversity HospitalsCase Medical CenterJoseph L Mills, Sr, MDSection Editor — Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryProfessor and Chief Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyBaylor College of MedicineRaphael E Pollock, MDSection Editor — Soft Tissue SarcomaEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityKrishnan Raghavendran, MD, FACSSection Editor — Acute care general surgeryProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of MichiganJerome P Richie, MD, FACSSection Editor — Cancer of the Urethra, Penis, and Ureter; Urologic Surgery; Prostate CancerElliott Carr Cutler Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Rosen, MDSection Editor — Hernia SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic FoundationDavid I Soybel, MDSection Editor — Upper GI SurgeryEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryChief of Surgical ServicesMartin Weiser, MDSection Editor — Colorectal SurgeryAttending SurgeonMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterProfessor of SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical SchoolGary J Whitman, MDSection Editor — Radiology Breast ImagingProfessor of Breast Imaging and Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterEditorial AssistantsBarry GiglioContent Editing Associate ─ UpToDateCasey Linenberg, BAContent Editing Associate - UpToDateCatherine Zuo, BAContent Editing CoordinatorAuthorsSumaira Z Aasi, MDProfessorDepartment of DermatologyStanford University School of MedicineEddie K Abdalla, MD, FACSMedical Director, Liver and Pancreas ProgramNorthside Hospital Cancer InstituteHamid Abdollahi, MDPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterMauricio S Abrao, MDAssociate Professor & Director of Endometriosis DivisionObstetrics & Gynecology DepartmentSao Paulo University, BrazilSandra G Adams, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care MedicineAmanda Adeleye, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of ChicagoDouglas G Adler, MD, FACG, AGAF, FASGESection Editor — Advanced EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy (CATE)Porter Adventist Hospital, Centura Health, Denver ColoradoN Scott Adzick, MDC. Everett Koop Professor of Pediatric SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaNezam H Afdhal, MD, FRCPIChief of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRohit Aggarwal, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of PittsburghAzeemuddin Ahmed, MD, MBAClinical Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineNitin K Ahuja, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineJana Al Hashash, MD, MSc, FACGAssociate Professor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Mayo ClinicJohn C Alexander, MD, MBAAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain ManagementUniversity of Texas SouthwesternPatrick C Alguire, MD, FACPSenior Vice President Emeritus for Medical EducationAmerican College of PhysiciansTarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineShawn Allen, MDAssistant Clinical Professor, Department of DermatologyUniversity of ColoradoDirector, Dermatology Specialists of Boulder, PC Boulder, COJohn Allendorf, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryNYU Long Island School of MedicineVice Chairman of SurgeryNYU Winthrop HospitalMichael Allon, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamEric Alper, MDProfessor of MedicineUMass Chan Medical SchoolHarrison Alter, MD, MS, FACEPAttending PhysicianHighland Hospital – Alameda Health System, Oakland, CaliforniaClinical Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoAnthony A Amato, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMilan Amin, MDProfessor of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryNew York University School of MedicineBradley D Anawalt, MDChief of Medicine, University of Washington Medical CenterProfessor and Vice Chair of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonCarey K Anders, MDMedical DirectorBrain and Spine Metastases ProgramDuke Cancer InstituteDuke UniversityChristopher D Anderson, MD, FACSJames D. Hardy Professor and Chair, Department of SurgeryChief, Transplant and Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterDeverick J Anderson, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterStephan Anderson, MDProfessor of RadiologyBoston University School of MedicineGerald L Andriole, MDDirector of Brady Urological Institute National Capital RegionJohns Hopkins MedicineMark P Androes, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineCaroline Apovian, MDMember of the Faculty, Harvard Medical SchoolCo-Director, Center for Weight Management and Wellness, Brigham and Women's HospitalMichael D Apstein, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMustafa A Arain, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoCassra N Arbabi, MDVascular SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterCharlotte Ariyan, MD, PhDAssociate AttendingMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterApril W Armstrong, MD, MPHAssociate Dean for Clinical ResearchProfessor of DermatologyDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaDavid G Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhDProfessor of Surgery and DirectorSouthwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaPaul Armstrong, DODirector of Vascular SurgeryAdvent HealthTampa, FLSean Armstrong, MD, FRCPC, MEdAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaMedical Director – Seven Oaks Hospital Kidney Health ProgramDirector – Interventional Nephrology Manitoba Renal ProgramAnne M Arnhym, CPNPCertified Pediatric Nurse PractitionerUCSF Pediatric UrologyAndrew Arnold, MDMurray-Heilig Professor of Molecular MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutDonald M Arnold, MD, MScAssociate Professor, Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityCanadian Blood ServicesMonish Aron, MD, MCh, FRCSProfessor of Clinical UrologyCo-Director, Robotic Surgery & Advanced LaparoscopyUSC Institute of Urology, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMark D Aronson, MDEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care (Adult); Hospital MedicineSection Editor — General MedicineProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolVineet Arora, MD, MAPPProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoRussell L Ashinoff, MD, FACSPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterDirectorThe Center for Lymphedema Surgery at the Institute for Advanced ReconstructionAssistant ProfessorSeton Hall-Hackensack Meridian School of MedicineStanley W Ashley, MDSection Editor — Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary SurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalFrank Sawyer Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolReza Askari, MD, FACSInstructor in SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate Trauma DirectorBrigham and Women’s HospitalJon C Aster, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael B Atkins, MDSection Editor — Malignant Melanoma and Other Cutaneous Neoplasms; Cancer of the KidneyDeputy DirectorGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterMélanie Aubé-Peterkin, MD, FRCSC, MHPEAssistant ProfessorMcGill UniversityVictoria J Aucoin, MDPost-Doctoral Research Fellow, Division of Vascular SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamJohn Augoustides, MD, FASE, FAHAProfessor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineEfthymios Avgerinos, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJohn S Axford, DSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHSection Editor — SclerodermaEmeritus Professor of RheumatologySt George's University of LondonEhsan Azadani, DDS, MSAssistant Professor The Ohio State University |Nationwide Children's HospitalNabeel Azeem, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaAli Azizzadeh, MD, FACSProfessor & Director, Division of Vascular SurgeryVice Chair, Department of Surgery for Programmatic DevelopmentAssociate Director, Heart Institute for Vascular TherapeuticsCedars-SinaiSaïd C Azoury, MDClinical Fellow in MicrosurgeryMemorial Sloan KetteringEmile Bacha, MD, FACSCalvin F. Barber Professor of SurgeryColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsLaura H Bachmann, MD, MPH, FIDSAChief Medical OfficerNational Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB PreventionDivision of STD PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionRichard G Bachur, MDSection Editor — Pediatric TraumaProfessor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineM Safwan Badr, MDSection Editor — Sleep Related Breathing DisordersProfessor and Chief, Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineAndrea C Bafford, MDAssistant Professor and Chief of Colon and Rectal SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJasmohan S Bajaj, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical CenterRobert D Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkSteven K Baker, MSc, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine Neuromuscular Disease ClinicFaculty of Health SciencesMcMaster UniversitySusan S Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkJohan S Bakken, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, DuluthZiad Bakouny, MDThe Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Department of Medical OncologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteElizabeth H Baldini, MD, MPH, FASTROSection Editor — Bone and Soft Tissue TumorsProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolEthan Balk, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorBrown University School of Public HealthDouglas W Ball, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineChantay Banikarim, MD, MPHDirector of Adolescent MedicineSt. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, PhoenixBenjamin Barankin, MD, FRCPCDermatologist, Medical Director Toronto Dermatology Centre, Toronto, CanadaMatthew D Barber, MD, MHSChair, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke University Medical CenterRobert L Barbieri, MDEditor-in-Chief — Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's HealthSection Editor — General Gynecology and Female Reproductive EndocrinologyBWH Chair Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKate Macy Ladd Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolSheila Barnett, MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolCarlton C Barnett, Jr, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado at DenverTodd H Baron, MDDirector of Advanced Therapeutic EndoscopyUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillGlen W Barrisford, MD, MS, MPH, FACSDirector of Urologic OncologyKaiser PermanenteSanta Rosa Medical CenterNeal R Barshes, MD, MPH, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineJason JS Barton, MD, PhD, FRCPCProfessor and Canada Research ChairMedicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology, and Visual SciencesThe University of British ColumbiaDeborah A Bartz, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalLaurence S Baskin, MD, FAAPSection Editor — Pediatric UrologyFrank Hinman, Jr, MD, Distinguished Professorship in Pediatric UrologyChief Pediatric UrologyProfessor of Urology and PediatricsUCSF Benioff Children's HospitalRebecca Bassett, MDAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineAndrew T Bates, MDAssistant Professor of SurgerySouth Shore University Hospital, Northwell HealthAndrew R Bauder, MDResident PhysicianDivision of Plastic Surgery, University of PennsylvaniaKenneth A Bauer, MDSection Editor — Hemostasis and ThrombosisProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThomas L Bauer, MD, MBAAssociate Professor of SurgeryHackensack Meridian Health School of MedicineChairman of SurgeryJersey Shore University Medical CenterMichelle A Baum, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolDonald Baumann, MD, FACSProfessorDepartment of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterGerald A Beathard, MD, PhDClinical ProfessorUniversity of Texas Medical BranchCarlos Bechara, MD, MSProfessor of SurgeryCo-director, Aortic Center Loyola School of MedicineTheresa Becker, DOAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMedical Director, Pediatric Programs Lahey BeverlyExecutive Network DirectorDivision of Emergency MedicineBrian K Bednarski, MD, MEHPAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Colorectal SurgeryUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterLucas Beffa, MDAssociate ProfessorCleveland ClinicTanios Bekaii-Saab, MDLeader, GI Cancer ProgramMayo Clinic Cancer Center Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZProfessor, Mayo College of Medicine and ScienceRodney D Bell, MDProfessor of NeurologySidney Kimmel Medical CollegeAnthony J Bella, MD, FRCSCAssistant Professor of Urology and Associate Scientist, NeuroscienceEndowed Chair in Men's Health ResearchGreta and John Hansen Chair in Men's Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaCassandra Bellamy, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist, Medical Intensive Care UnitHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaJoaquim Bellmunt, MD, PhDSection Editor — Bladder CancerDirector, Bladder Cancer Center, Dana Farber Cancer InstituteAssociate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolJennifer R Bellon, MDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolKfir Ben-David, MD, FACSChairman of SurgerySurgery Residency Program DirectorMount Sinai Medical CenterCostantino Benedetti, MDAcademy ProfessorOhio State UniversityElizabeth Benjamin, MD, PhD, FACSAssociate Professor of Surgery, Emory UniversityTrauma Medical Director, Grady Memorial HospitalWilliam M Bennett, MDMedical DirectorLegacy Good Samaritan Transplant ServicesBrian M Benway, MDDirector, Comprehensive Kidney Stone ProgramAssociate Professor of Urologic SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterUrology Academic PracticeJames R Berenson, MDMedical and Scientific DirectorInstitute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer ResearchJeffrey S Berger, MD, MS, FAHA, FACCAssociate Professor of Medicine (Cardiology and Hematology)Associate Professor of Surgery (Vascular Surgery)New York University School of MedicineJonas Bergh, MD, PhD, FRCP (London UK)Professor of Oncology (Mimi Althainz' donation)Karolinska Institutet and University HospitalCancer Center KarolinskaStockholm, SwedenJacques J Bergman, MD, PhDProfessor of Gastrointestinal EndoscopyHead of EndoscopyDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical Center AmsterdamEmily Bergsland, MDProfessor of Medicine University of California San FranciscoLori R Berkowitz, MD, MBAAssociate ProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolNicola Berlanda, MDAdjunct ProfessorObstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Milan, ItalyDan Berlowitz, MD, MPHProfessorUniversity of Massachusetts-Lowell Department of Public HealthEileen Bernal, MDFaculty SurgeonKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaAssistant Clinical ProfessorHerbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International UniversityKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaMark F Berry, MDMylavarapu Rogers ProfessorStanford UniversityCaroline Bérubé, MDClinical Associate Professor of Medicine (Hematology)Stanford University School of MedicineSimon Best, MDAssociate Professor Johns Hopkins Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryJoseph R Betancourt, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul I Bhalla, MBChB, FRCA, FFPMRCAAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Washington Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineAarti Bhatia, MDAssistant Professor, Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer CenterNeil Bhattacharyya, MD, FACSProfessor of Otology and LaryngologyMassachusetts Eye and EarHarvard Medical SchoolMihir K Bhayani, MD, FACSAssociate Professor, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyRush University Medical CenterWalter L Biffl, MDMedical DirectorTrauma and Acute Care SurgeryScripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla La Jolla, CAKenneth F Binmoeller, MD, MASGE, FACGDirector, Interventional EndoscopyCalifornia Pacific Medical Center, San FranciscoSteven Bird, MD, FACEPProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolMarc Birkhahn, MDUrologie am RingCologneJohn D Bisognano, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine and CardiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterEdward A Bittner, MD, PhD, MSEd, FCCMAssociate Professor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolAlain Bitton, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineMcGill University and McGill University Health CentrePeter Black, MD, FACS, FRCSCKhosrowshahi Chair in Bladder Cancer ResearchProfessorDepartment of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver Prostate CentreJames H Black, III, MDChief of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyJohns Hopkins HospitalPeter J Blankestijn, MDProfessor in NephrologyUniversity Medical Center, Utrecht, The NetherlandsJeffrey Blatnik, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryWashington University School of MedicinePhilip E Blazar, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRonald Bleday, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolWissam Bleibel, MDInstructor in MedicineUniversity of VirginiaJoshua Bleier, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicineIra J Bleiweiss, MDProfessor of PathologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaSubspecialty Director, Breast PathologySection of Surgical PathologyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAnthony Bleyer, MD, MSProfessor of Internal Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest University School of MedicinePaul D Blumenthal, MD, MPHProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDirector, Family Planning Services and Research Stanford University Medical CenterBernard H Bochner, MDAttending Surgeon, Urology ServiceVice Chairman, Department of SurgeryMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterProfessor of UrologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityBlake Reid Boggess, DO, FAAFPProfessor of Orthopedic SurgeryDuke Sports Medicine Team PhysicianDuke University Medical CenterAdam J Bograd, MDAttending Thoracic SurgeonSwedish Cancer InstituteSabine Bohnacker, MDGRN Medical Center, SinsheimBergstrasse Medical Center, HeppenheimUniversity Hospital Heidelberg, GermanyGeorgina Bojczuk, RD, CSPClinical DietitianOishei Children's Hospital of BuffaloJean L Bolognia, MDProfessor of DermatologyYale University School of MedicineRobert Bona, MDProfessor of Medicine (Hematology)Yale University School of MedicineMarc P Bonaca, MD, MPH, FAHA, FACCProfessor of Medicine, Cardiology & Vascular MedicineDirector of Vascular Research, University of Colorado SOMPeter A L Bonis, MDChief Medical Officer of Clinical Effectiveness (UpToDate, Clinical Drug Information, and Emmi Solutions)Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAdjunct Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJanina B Bonwich, MD, FACSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Surgery, UAMSBrian Boone, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery and ImmunologyWest Virginia UniversityLiliana Bordeianou, MD, MPHProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJoseph G Borer, MD, FAAP, FACSAssociate Professor in Surgery (Urology)Harvard Medical SchoolDirector of Bladder Exstrophy ProgramBoston Children's HospitalDirector of Neurourology and UrodynamicsBoston Children's HospitalSaideep Bose, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Division of Vascular SurgerySaint Louis UniversityRobin Boushey, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of OttawaAthos Bousvaros, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSteven Bowers, MDProfessor of SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineKevin J Bozic, MD, MBAChair of the Department of Surgery and Perioperative CareProfessor of Orthopedic SurgeryThe Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at AustinKari P Braaten, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolLinda D Bradley, MDProfessorObstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineRobert W Bradsher, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesJohn C Brancato, MD, FAAP, FACEPAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineDivision Head, Emergency MedicineConnecticut Children's Medical CenterWilliam T Branch, Jr, MDCarter Smith Senior Professor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineMary L Brandt, MDProfessor of SurgeryDepartment of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of New OrleansMats Brännström, MD, PhDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Gothenburg, SwedenWilliam O Brant, MD, FACS, FECSMVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UTJonathan D Braun, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryMichael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryDivision of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyBaylor College of MedicineGlenn D Braunstein, MDProfessor of Medicine Emeritus, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAArturo Bravo, MDAssistant Professor Texas A&M University, College of MedicineTom Brazelton, MD, MPH, FAAPProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthElizabeth Breen, MDStaff Surgeon, Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterDaniel C Brennan, MD, FACPEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Kidney TransplantationProfessor of MedicineMedical Director and Co-Director of the Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyJohns Hopkins Medical SchoolJoel S Brenner, MD, MPHProfessor of Pediatrics, Sports MedicineEastern Virginia Medical SchoolMegan Brenner, MD, MS, RPVI, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of California Riverside Director of Surgical Research Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC)Riverside University Health SystemsTim Brenner, PharmD, BCOPClinical Pharmacy SpecialistUPMC Cancer CentersGregory A Brent, MDProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLACristina Brickman, MD, MSCEAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California, San FranciscoHannah R Briemberg, MD, FRCPCClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaBruce E Brockstein, MDSection Editor — Cancer of the Head and NeckClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineDavid C Brooks, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolDavid P Brown, DOClinical ProfessorRutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJJean M Bruch, DMD, MDChief, OtolaryngologyDepartment of Veterans AffairsMedical CenterL. Michael Brunt, MDProfessor of SurgeryWashington University Institute For Minimally Invasive SurgeryGlenn J Bubley, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEdward P Buchanan, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Plastic SurgeryAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineTerry Buchmiller, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolW Donald Buie, MDAssociate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery and OncologyUniversity of CalgaryDorothy I Bulas, MDProfessor of Radiology and PediatricsChildren’s National HospitalThe George Washington University Medical CenterJohn M Burkart, MDSection Editor — DialysisEmeritus Professor of Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest School of MedicineChristopher R Burke, MDAssistant Professor of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonClay Cothren Burlew, MD, FACSProgram Director, SCC & TACS FellowshipsDivision of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine SurgeryDepartment of Surgery, University of ColoradoKenneth D Burman, MDChief, Endocrine SectionMedstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DCProfessor, Department of MedicineGeorgetown University Medical CenterPatrick R Burns, DPMAssistant Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMarcus Burnstein, MD, MSc, FRCSCAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoHarold J Burstein, MD, PhDSection Editor — Breast CancerProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBryan M Burt, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineBarbara Burtness, MDProfessor of Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNicholas BuSaba, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of OtolaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolManish J Butte, MD, PhDProfessor and Division ChiefDivision of Immunology, Allergy, and RheumatologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesAntonio C Buzaid, MDGeneral Medical Director, Centro Oncologico Antonio Ermirio de Moraes, Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, BrazilEnrico Cagliero, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrian T Caldwell, MDAssistant Professor, Pediatric UrologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineChildren's Hospital ColoradoKristine Calhoun, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonMichael Camilleri, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and PhysiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineJudith R Campbell, MDProfessor of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesBaylor College of MedicineSteven C Campbell, MD, PhDGlickman Urological and Kidney InstituteCleveland ClinicJeremy W Cannon, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaLouis R Caplan, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolAndrés Cárdenas, MD, PhD, MMSc, AGAF, FAASLDInstitut de Malalties Digestives i MetaboliquesHospital Clinic, Barcelona, SpainUniversity of BarcelonaLisa A Carey, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaLineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterRobert L Carithers, Jr, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonDenise M Carneiro-Pla, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaJeffrey P Carpenter, MDProfessor and ChairmanDepartment of Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan UniversityShamus R Carr, MD, FACSThoracic Surgeon and Research PhysicianBethesda, MDJ Emilio Carrillo, MD, MPHClinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityClinical Associate Professor, Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesPeter R Carroll, MD, MPHProfessorDepartment of UrologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoJeffrey L Carson, MDProvost, New Brunswick Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers UniversityRichard C Reynolds Chair in General Internal MedicineDistinguished Professor of MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolDaniela A Carusi, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolRichard D Carvajal, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine Director, Experimental TherapeuticsDirector, Melanoma ServiceColumbia University School of MedicineA Lee Cashman, RN, CWONWound and Ostomy NurseBaptist MD Anderson Cancer CenterElizabeth Casserly, PharmD, BCPSPain Management Clinical PharmacistCleveland ClinicMarc F Catalano, MD, FACG, FACP, FASGE, AGAFThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonProfessor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of GastroenterologyAssistant Division Chief, Memorial Hermann Southeast Endoscopy & Chief of Therapeutic EndoscopyDirector of UT-MHH Advanced Endoscopy Training ProgramJimmy Caudell, MD, PhDAssociate Member and Section Chief of Head & Neck/Endocrine Radiation OncologyMoffitt Cancer CenterDavid Cave, MD, PhDAssociate PhysicianBrigham and Women's Hospital, Senior Lecturer Harvard Medical SchoolMarcelle I Cedars, MDChief of the Division of Endocrinology and InfertilityUniversity of California, San FranciscoJohn Chabot, MDDavid V. Habif Professor of SurgeryColumbia University Medical CenterRabih A Chaer, MDProfessor of SurgeryThe University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineAnees B Chagpar, MD, MSc, MA, MPH, MBA, FACS, FRCS(C)Section Editor — Breast SurgeryProfessor, Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineA Bapsi Chakravarthy, MD, FASTROProfessorVanderbilt UniversityBradley J Champagne, MD, FACS, FASCRSChairman of Surgery, Fairview Hospital Director of Services, DDSI West RegionProfessor of Surgery- Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of MedicineMedical Director of Fairview Ambulatory Surgery CenterAnnie On On Chan, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Hong KongAnthony TC Chan, MDProfessor of Clinical OncologyPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongJennifer Ang Chan, MD, MPHDana-Farber Cancer InstituteYee-Ming Chan, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Endocrinology, Boston Children's HospitalEric I Chang, MD, FACSClinical Associate ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryHackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall UniversityPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterShiliang Chang, MDAssistant ProfessorOregon Health & Science UniversityJason Chang Pik Eu, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Gastroenterology & HepatologySingapore General HospitalAssociate ProfessorDuke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeNelson J Chao, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineArlene B Chapman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineAdam S Cheifetz, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolWenliang Chen, MD, PhDSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — General SurgeryHugo Quinny Cheng, MDClinical Professor of MedicineDivision of Hospital MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoAlbert T Cheung, MDProfessor of AnesthesiaStanford University School of MedicineDennis S Chi, MDProfessor, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMember, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterGynecology Service, Department of SurgeryStephen Chia, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyMurali Chintagumpala, MDProfessor of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyBaylor College of MedicineRowan T Chlebowski, MD, PhDChief, Division of Medical Oncology and HematologyHarbor-UCLA Medical CenterTorrance, CASanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalVineet Chopra, MD, MScRobert W. Schrier Chair of MedicineProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineToni K Choueiri, MDDirector, The Lank Center for Genitourinary OncologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony W Chow, MD, FRCPC, FACPProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaCindy Christian, MDProfessor of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaAshley Britton Christmas, MD, FACSAssociate ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Medical SchoolRashmi Chugh, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolDaniel C Chung, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJayer Chung, MD, MScAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineKevin C Chung, MD, MSChief of Hand SurgeryCharles B.G de Nancrede Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Health SystemJay P Ciezki, MDStaff Physician Cleveland Clinic Department of Radiation OncologyRobert R Cima, MD, MA, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryMayo ClinicThomas E Clancy, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJeffrey W Clark, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSamuel O Clarke, MD, MASAssociate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine University of California, DavisJ Quentin Clemens, MD, FACS, MSCIProfessor of UrologyDirector, Division of Neurourology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery University of Michigan Medical CenterMark W Clemens, MD, FACSAssociate Professor, Plastic SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer Center, University of TexasNathan Clendenen, MD, MSAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado, DenverGilles Clermont, MDCM, MScProfessorDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghJonathan Cohen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineMitchell J Cohen, MD, FACSProfessor and Vice Chair of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMyron S Cohen, MDProfessor of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology and Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillZane Cohen, MD, FRCSCProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoSarah L Cohen Rassier, MD, MPHDivision of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic SurgeryMayo ClinicSteven L Cohn, MD, MACP, SFHMProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineDawn M Coleman, MDHandleman Research ProfessorAssociate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics & Communicable DiseasesProgram Director, Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency and FellowshipUniversity of Michigan Department of SurgeryFelipe B Collares, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Central FloridaKathryn A Collins, MD, PhD, FACSDeputy Editor — General SurgeryLaura C Collins, MDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolVice Chair of Anatomic PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BostonHenri G Colt, MDSection Editor — Interventional PulmonologyProfessor Emeritus University of CaliforniaChristopher Colwell, MDChief of Emergency MedicineZuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma CenterProfessor and Vice-Chair, Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California at San Francisco School of MedicineSteven E Come, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterCraig V Comiter, MDProfessor of Urology, Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyStanford University School of MedicineCarolyn C Compton, MD, PhDProfessorArizona State UniversityMichelle V Conde, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioHeidi M Connolly, MD, FACC, FASESection Editor — Congenital Heart DiseaseProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolKavitha Conti, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh, School of MedicineDarwin L Conwell, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe Ohio State UniversitySuzanne D Conzen, MDProfessor of MedicineChief, Division of Hematology and OncologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterChristopher S Cooper, MD, FACS, FAAPProfessor and Vice Chairman of UrologyDirector of Pediatric Urology Senior Associate Dean for Medical EducationTyrone D. Artz Chair in UrologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineJoshua Copel, MDProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology and the Reproductive Sciences, and PediatricsYale School of MedicineAnnesley W Copeland, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS)Casey M Cosgrove, MDAssistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterGuido Costamagna, MD, FACGProfessor of SurgeryUniversita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, RomeRichard J Cote, MD, FRCPathProfessor and Chair,Department of Pathology and ImmunologyPathologist-in-Chief, Barnes-Jewish HospitalM Laurin Council, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University in St. LouisGary M Cox, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJoseph P Cravero, MDProfessor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolBoston Children's HospitalMark A Creager, MD, FAHA, FACC, MSVMSection Editor — Vascular MedicineDirector, Heart and Vascular CenterDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterAnna Gundlach Huber Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKendall P Crookston, MD, PhDEmeritus Professor of Pathology & Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineMark Crowther, MD, MScSection Editor — Hemostasis and ThrombosisProfessor of Medicine and Pathology & Molecular MedicineSt Joseph’s Hospital and McMaster UniversityBrett L Cucchiara, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterAdam Cuker, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Pathology & Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaGary C Curhan, MD, ScDSection Editor — Chronic Kidney DiseaseEditor-in-Chief EmeritusClinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolClara Curiel-Lewandrowski, MDAssociate Professor of DermatologyArizona Cancer Center, University of ArizonaSteven A Curley, MD, FACSOncology Institute Director,Christus Trinity ClinicClinical Professor of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineMichael P Curry, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJames C Cusack, Jr, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolDonald Cutlip, MDSection Editor — Interventional CardiologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRonald L Dalman, MDChidester Professor of SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineAllison Dalton, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia and Critical CareUniversity of ChicagoSiamak Daneshmand, MDProfessor of Urology and Medicine (Oncology)Director of Urologic OncologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaPhilip D Darney, MD, MScDistinguished Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Health Policy, EmeritusUniversity of California, San FranciscoMark G Davies, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS, FACCProfessor of Surgery and Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioMedical Director, South Texas Center for Vascular CareSouth Texas Medical CenterBrian J Davis, MD, PhDProfessor of Radiation OncologyMayo Clinic and FoundationJoshua Davis, PhD, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases Physician and ProfessorSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of NewcastleNSW, AustraliaNancy A Dawson, MDProfessor of MedicineLombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown UniversityMarcus D'Ayala, MDChief of Vascular SurgeryWyckoff Heights Medical CenterRichard J de Asla, MDOrthopedic ConsultantMassachusetts General HospitalInstructorHarvard Medical SchoolMarc E De Broe, MD, PhDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp, BelgiumNirupama K De Silva, MDClinical ProfessorUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterPeter DeBlieux, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineLouisiana State University School of MedicineAlan H DeCherney, MDChief, Reproductive Endocrinology and Gynecology BranchNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthChristine Dehlendorf, MD, MASProfessor, Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoGiuseppe Del Priore, MD, MPHProfessorMorehouse School of MedicineKenneth DeLay, MDTeaching Faculty I, Florida State UniversityTom Delbanco, MDJohn F. Keane & Family Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMark H DeLegge, MD, FACG, AGAFProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaDavid M deLemos, MDAssistant ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineAlexander M DeLeon, MDAssistant Professor in AnesthesiologyNorthwestern UniversityKiley Delgado, MS, LCGCSenior Genetic CounselorCenter for Cancer Risk Assessment (Cancer Genetics)Massachusetts General HospitalSteven R DeMeester, MDThoracic and Foregut SurgeryThe Oregon ClinicGeorge D Demetri, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTodd Demmy, MDProfessor of OncologyRoswell Park Cancer Institute Professor of SurgeryState University of New York at BuffaloDaniel G Deschler, MD, FACSSection Editor — OtorhinolaryngologyProfessor of Otology and LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolPJ Devereaux, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology McMaster UniversityElisabeth Dexter, MDAssociate Professor of Oncology Roswell Park Cancer Institute Associate Professor of Surgery State University of New York at BuffaloNavjit Dharampal, MDFellow, Division of Thoracic SurgerySwedish Medical Center and Cancer InstituteCarlo Di Lorenzo, MDProfessor of Clinical PediatricsOhio State UniversityLucia Z Diaz, MDAssistant Professor of Dermatology and PediatricsUniversity of Texas Medical School at AustinJose J Diaz, Jr, MD, CNS, FACS, FCCMProfessor of SurgeryChief, Division Acute Care SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineCésar Díaz-García, MDAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyLa Fe University Hospital, University of ValenciaMedical DirectorIVI-London, IVI-RMA GlobalCompany director, Gynesis LTDJohn K DiBaise, MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo Clinic in ArizonaSteven J DiBiase, MDChief of ServiceDepartment of Radiation Oncology New York-Presbyterian QueensVice Chairman and Associate ProfessorWeill Cornell Medical CollegePaxton V Dickson, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterWest Cancer CenterJustin T Diedrich, MD, MSCI, FACOGAssociate Director of Family PlanningEden SurgicalKathryn Diemer, MDProfessor of Medicine, Clinical Director, Bone Health ProgramDivision of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineDeborah B Diercks, MD, MScProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern, DallasChristoph F Dietrich, MD, MBAProfessor of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt & Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und PermancenceEllen D Dillavou, MDSection Editor — Arterial and Venous AccessDivision Chief of Vascular Surgery for Wake Med HospitalsRaleigh, North CarolinaJ Michael Dixon, MDProfessor of Surgery and Consultant SurgeonEdinburgh UniversitySteven G Docimo, MDExecutive Vice President, Business Development, and StrategyChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaJames M Donahue, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamTimothy F Donahue, MDAssociate Attending Surgeon, Urology ServiceDepartment of SurgeryMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterAssociate Professor of UrologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityTimothy R Donahue, MDProfessor of SurgeryUCLA School of MedicineKevin Donohoe, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolTanya B Dorff, MDAssociate Clinical Professor Department of Medical Oncology and Developmental TherapeuticsCity of HopeScott R Dorfman, MDAssociate Professor of RadiologyBaylor College of MedicineShira Doron, MD, FIDSA, FSHEAAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineHasan H Dosluoglu, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryChief of Vascular Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesState University of New York at Buffalo Chief of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, VA Western New York Healthcare System Buffalo, NYChyke Doubeni, MD, FRCS, MPHProfessor of Family MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceJay J Doucet, MD, FRCSC, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoPamela S Douglas, MDUrsula Geller Professor of Research in Cardiovascular DiseasesDuke University Medical CenterJames D Douketis, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCPSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor, Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityAdam Doyle, MD, RPVI, FACS, FSVSAssociate Professor of Surgery, Division of Vascular SurgeryUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryD John Doyle, MD, PhDProfessor of AnesthesiologyCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityMonica Dragoman, MD, MPHSystem Director, Complex Family PlanningProgram Director, Complex Family Planning FellowshipRaquel and Jaime Gilinski Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMount Sinai Health SystemMarcia S Driscoll, MD, PharmDAssociate Professor of DermatologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJan E Drutz, MDSection Editor — General PediatricsProfessor Emeritus of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMaciej Dryjski, MD, PhD, FACSProfessor & Vice Chairman Department of Surgery, University at BuffaloDirector of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryKaleida HealthAnette Duensing, MDAssistant Professor of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineShrina Duggal, PharmD, BCOPClinical Pharmacy SpecialistUPMC Cancer CentersChristopher Duggan, MD, MPHMeltzer Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalAntoni J Duleba, MDProfessorUniversity of California San DiegoCaryn Dutton, MD, MSInstructor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolPeter Dziewulski, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsSt. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Essex, UKKim A Eagle, MD, MACCAlbion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganMorven S Edwards, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineNiloo M Edwards, MDProfessor of SurgeryBoston UniversityJason A Efstathiou, MD, DPhilProfessor of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Radiation Oncologist, Massachusetts General HospitalAlexia Egloff, MDPediatric Radiologist & NeuroradiologistCentre for the Developing Brain, King's College LondonSt. Thomas' Hospital, United KingdomJan Ehrenwerth, MDProfessor Emeritus, Department of AnesthesiologyYale University School of MedicineAs'ad Ehtisham, MD, MBBS, FAHAVascular Neurology, Stroke & Neuro Critical Care ProgramBanner Thunderbird Medical CenterJohn F Eidt, MDSection Editor — Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryProfessor of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science CenterVice Chair of Vascular Surgical Services, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital at DallasNaveen Eipe, MBBS, MDStaff AnesthesiologistThe Ottawa HospitalAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Anesthesiology & Pain MedicineUniversity of OttawaAvraham Eisbruch, MDProfessor Emeritus of Radiation OncologyUniversity of MichiganHoward J Eisen, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA, FASTProfessor of MedicineMedical Director, Cardiac Transplant, Mechanical Circulatory Support and Advanced Heart Failure ProgramsDirector, Diagnostic CardiologyPennsylvania State University College of Medicine/ Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterMatthew Eisenberg, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolArij El Khatib, MDPlastic SurgeonCentre hospitalier de l’Université de MontréalGhada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical Center, LebanonJohn C Elkas, MD, JDAssociate ProfessorInova Teaching FacultyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAndrew I Elkwood, MD, MBA, FACSPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterFounder and Co-DirectorCenter for Treatment of Paralysis & Reconstructive Nerve SurgeryHackensack Meridian Health, Jersey Shore University Medical CenterC Neal Ellis, MD, FACS, FASCRS, FACGProfessor of SurgeryTouro University NevadaJonathan S Ellison, MDAssistant Professor, Pediatric UrologyChildren's Hospital of Wisconsin & Medical College of WisconsinJames C Ellsmere, MD, MSc, FRCSCAssociate Professor of SurgeryDalhousie UniversityJoann G Elmore, MD, MPHEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care (Adult)Section Editor — General MedicineProfessor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAKevin Emerick, MDAssistant Professor in the Department of Otology and LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Emmett, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesChief of Internal MedicineBaylor University Medical CenterErin E Endom, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineChristopher S Ennen, MDMaternal-Fetal Medicine StaffAssistant Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineScott K Epstein, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJessi Erlichman, MPHAdministrative Director of Clinical Research, GI DivisionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaLaura J Esserman, MD, MBAProfessor of Surgery and RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoDirectorUCSF Carol Franc Buck Breast Care CenterYana Etkin, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Surgery and Program Director of Vascular Surgery FellowshipZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellArthur T Evans, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineNewYork-Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineHeather L Evans, MD, MSProfessor of SurgeryVice Chair of Clinical Research and Applied InformaticsDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaKaren Evans, MDProfessorGeorgetown University Medical CenterRobert C Eyre, MDCorresponding Member of the Faculty of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolIzak Faiena, MDDepartment of Urology, Columbia University Medical CenterTommaso Falcone, MD, FRCSC, FACOGSection Editor — Minimally Invasive Gynecologic SurgeryProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineJay L Falk, MDClinical Professor of Medicine and Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineScott A Falk, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePietro Familiari, MD, PhDGI Endoscopy Consultant at Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, ItalyClinical lecturer in Gastroenterology at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyJeanne Farnan, MD, MHPEProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoFrancis A Farraye, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic School of MedicineCaitlin Farrell, MDInstructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalRichard J Farrell, MDGastroenterology Consultant, Connolly HospitalClinical Professor of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandRonnie Fass, MDAGA Peer ReviewerProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityPedram Fatehi, MD, MPHAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineAshraf Fayad, MD, FRCPC, FFARCSI, FACC, FASESite Chief, University HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine London Health Sciences Centre / St. Joseph’s Health CareAssociate Professor, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryWestern UniversitySara B Fazio, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLuigi Fedele, MDEmeritus Professor of Gynecology and ObstetricsObstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Milan, ItalyPeter F Fedullo, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego Medical CenterJessica Feinleib, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyYale School of MedicineJared W Feinman, MD, FASEAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineThomas Fekete, MDProfessor of Medicine and MicrobiologyTemple University School of MedicineDarren Feldman, MDSection Editor — Testicular CancerAssociate Attending PhysicianDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterAssociate Professor in Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeEva L Feldman, MD, PhDProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterMark Feldman, MD, MACP, AGAF, FACGSection Editor — Acid Peptic DiseaseTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasClinical Professor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School at DallasMary Feng, MDProfessor of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California at San FranciscoCarlos Fernandez-del Castillo, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolCecile Ferrando, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Center for Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive SurgeryObstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health InstituteCleveland ClinicPietro Manuel Ferraro, MD, MSc, PhD, FERAAssociate Professor of NephrologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreStephen J Ferzoco, MDChief of General SurgeryAtrius HealthAlessandro Fichera, MD, FACS, FASCRSClinical Professor of Medical EducationTexas A&M UniversityMaria Isabel Fiel, MD, FAASLDProfessor of PathologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiScott A Fink, MD, MPH, FACPClinical Associate Professor of MedicineJefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PALaurel Fisher, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineDivision of GastroenterologyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaDouglas S Fishman, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMary B Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiSarah E Fleet, MDDirector, Growth and Nutrition ProgramAttending PhysicianBoston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionInstructor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolLee A Fleisher, MDProfessor and Former Chair of Anesthesiology and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJessica Fleitman, MDHVICU director, Penn Presbyterian HospitalUniversity of Pennsylvania (August 2020)Fergal Fleming, MD, FRCSAssociate Professor of Surgery and OncologyDivision of Colorectal SurgeryUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterPhillip R Fleshner, MD, FACSClinical Professor of SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterGrant S Fletcher, MD, MPHClinical Associate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonJustin Floyd, DOCancer Care Specialists of IllinoisEvan L Fogel, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineCynthia S Fok, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of UrologyUniversity of MinnesotaMichael L Foreman, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryTexas A&M University Health Science CenterChief, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care SurgeryBaylor University Medical Center DallasChristopher E Forsmark, MDProfessor of Medicine and ChiefDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionUniversity of FloridaRégine Fortunov, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineTheodoros Foukakis, MD, PhDDepartment of OncologyKarolinska Institutet and University HospitalStockholm, SwedenCaroline E Foust-Wright, MD, MBAAssistant Professor of Urology/Obstetrics and GynecologyTufts School of MedicineGeorge E Fragoulis, MDFellow, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowTodd D Francone, MD, MPH, FACSStaff Surgeon Lahey Hospital & Medical CenterAssistant Professor of SurgeryTufts Medical CenterRobert L Frank, MD, FACEPClinical Instructor in Emergency MedicineEastern Virginia School of MedicineCharles Fredericks, MDTrauma and Critical Care SurgeonSan Joaquin General HospitalStephen Freedland, MDProfessor of Surgery (Urology)Director, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle (CIRCL)Associate Director, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer CenterCedars Sinai Medical CenterArnold S Freedman, MDSection Editor — Lymphoproliferative DisordersProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven D Freedman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMartin L Freeman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaValerie French, MD, MASAssociate ProfessorUniversity of KansasJonathan W Friedberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJames P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of RochesterMark W Friedberg, MD, MPPAssistant Professor of Medicine, part-timeBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolGad Friedman, MD, FRCPCAssistant Professor of MedicineMcGill UniversityLawrence S Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of MedicineNewton-Wellesley HospitalAssistant Chief of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalN Deborah Friedman, MPH, MBBS, FRACP, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases PhysicianBarwon Health, Geelong, VIC AustraliaHarold Frucht, MDFormer Founding Director Pancreas Cancer Prevention & Genetics ProgramColumbia Colon Cancer Prevention ProgramColumbia UniversityBarry Fuchs, MDProfessor of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaEri f*ckaya, MD, PhDClinical Associate Professor of SurgeryStanford UniversityDavid R Fulton, MDSection Editor — Pediatric CardiologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSuzanne A.W. Fuqua, PhDProfessor, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Cell BiologyLester and Sue Smith Breast CenterBaylor College of MedicineKaren L Furie, MD, MPHChair and Professor of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesDavid F Gaieski, MDProfessorSidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityRodolfo J Galindo, MD, FACEDirector of the Comprehensive Diabetes Center at University of Miami HealthUniversity of Miami, South FloridaGiovanni Gambaro, MD, PhDProfessor of NephrologyUniversity of VeronaSeng-Ian Gan, MD, FRCP(C)Clinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, CanadaAlexandra Gangi, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery Cedars Sinai Medical CenterJulio Garcia-Aguilar, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJuan Carlos Garcia-Pagán, MD, PhDSenior Consultant in Hepatology, Head Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd Associate ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaAlan D Garely, MD, FACOG, FACSChair of Obstetrics and GynecologyDirector of Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive SurgeryMount Sinai South NassauProfessor, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiRockville Centre ManhattanAileen Gariepy, MD, MPH, MHSDirector of Complex Family PlanningDepartment of Obstetrics & GynecologyWeill Cornell MedicineIvan Garza, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceJonathan D Gates, MD, MBA, FACSChief, SurgeryHartford HospitalGerd G Gauglitz, MMS, MDDepartment of Dermatology and AllergologyLudwig Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyMark C Gebhardt, MDFrederic W. and Jane M. Ilfeld Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJohn B Gebhart, MD, MSProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of UrogynecologyMayo ClinicDaniel Geersen, MPAP, PA-CDivision of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterRobert L Geggel, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAlan C Geller, RN, MPHSenior LecturerSocial and Behavioral SciencesHarvard School of Public HealthAndres Gelrud, MD, MMScAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoDaniel George, MDProfessor of Medicine and SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterSuku George, MD, MPH, FACP, FACGClinical Assistant ProfessorMedical College of GeorgiaGI Specialists of GeorgiaSuzanne George, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid M Gershenson, MDProfessor of Gynecologic OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterJeffrey E Gershenwald, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgery and Cancer BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMargaret Gerteis, PhDSenior ResearcherMathematica Policy ResearchMark Gestring, MDProfessor of Surgery, Emergency Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of Rochester School of MedicineWilliam A Ghali, MD, MPHProfessorDepartments of Medicine and Community Health SciencesUniversity of Calgary, CanadaMarc J Gibber, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMichael K Gibson, MD, PhD, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector of Translational Research for Head and Neck OncologyDirector of Esophagogastric Malignancies ProgramVanderbilt UniversityRamyar Gilani, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineMark A Gilger, MDPediatrician-in-Chief, Emeritus, Children's Hospital of San AntonioProfessor and Residency Program Director, Baylor College of MedicineAnne C Gill, DrPH, MS, RNProfessor of Pediatrics and Medical EthicsBaylor College of MedicineDavid L Gillespie, MD, DMCC, FACS, MCDepartment of Vascular SurgeryCape Cod Health SystemTimothy D Gilligan, MDSection Editor — Testicular CancerAssociate Professor of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineVice-Chair for Education, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer InstituteDonna Gilmour, MD, FRCSCAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyDalhousie UniversityEvan S Glazer, MD, PhD, MPH, FACSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterDavid B Glick, MD, MBAProfessor Medical Director, Post-Anesthesia Care UnitDepartment of Anesthesia & Critical CareThe University of ChicagoMatthew R Goede, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterBarbara Goff, MDSection Editor — Gynecologic OncologyDepartment Chair, Gynecologic OncologySurgeon-in-ChiefUniversity of Washington Medical CenterEric Goldberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJoel E Goldberg, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRichard M Goldberg, MDSection Editor — Gastrointestinal CancerDirector Emeritus of the West Virginia University Cancer Institute and the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer CenterProfessor of Medicine S Nahum Goldberg, MDDirector of Abdominal Intervention and Tumor AblationMinimally-Invasive Tumor Therapies LaboratoryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterMichael A Golden, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaDavid S Goldfarb, MD, FACP, FASNProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyNew York University School of MedicineLarry B Goldstein, MD, FAAN, FANA, FAHAProfessor and Chairman of Neurology Co-Director, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute KY Clinic - University of KentuckyMehra Golshan, MD, MBA, FACSProfessor of Surgery (Oncology)Yale School of MedicineDavid Goltzman, MDProfessor of MedicineMcGill UniversitySenior Physician, Division of Endocrinology and Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreAnkush Gosain, MD, PhD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery and PediatricsChildren's Foundation Research InstituteLe Bonheur Children's HospitalUniversity of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterKaoru Goshima, MDProfessor, SurgeryUniversity of Arizona Health Sciences CenterJon Gould, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinMrinal M Gounder, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical CollegeMark A Graber, MD, MSHCE, FACEPProfessor Emeritus of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineWilliam J Gradishar, MDProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityDavid Y Graham, MDProfessor of MedicineMichael E. DeBakey VAMC and Baylor College of MedicineAna M Grau, MD, FACSAssociate ProfessorVanderbilt UniversityJermaine E Gray, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterAlexander R Green, MD, MPHFamily Health Center of WorcesterArin K Greene, MD, MMScVascular Anomalies and Pediatric Plastic Surgery Endowed ChairBoston Children's HospitalProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolErin K Greenleaf, MD, MSAssistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyBaylor College of MedicineAlexander J Greenstein, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of SurgeryMount Sinai School of MedicineDavid A Greenwald, MD, MASGE, FACGProfessor of MedicineThe Mount Sinai HospitalJeffrey Greenwald, MDMassachusetts General Hospital, Core Educator Faculty, Department of MedicineAssociate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolForrest Dean Griffen, MDProfessor of Clinical SurgeryLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterMichael A Gropper, MD, PhDProfessor and ChairDepartment of Anesthesia and Perioperative CareUniversity of California, San FranciscoNeil D Gross, MD, FACSProfessor, Head and Neck SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer CenterPeter Grubel, MDMercyOne Medical Center, GastroenterologyDes Moines, IowaMoises Guelrud, MDJackson Memorial Hospital University of Miami Miller School of MedicineJames Gulley, MD, PhD, FACPDirector Medical Oncology ServiceNational Cancer InstituteNaresh T Gunaratnam, MDDirector of ResearchSt. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MIAditi Gupta, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKalpana Gupta, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineChief, Infectious DiseasesBoston VA HCSShilpa Gupta, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Hematology and OncologyTaussig Cancer InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationJose Gutierrez, MD, MPHFlorence Irving Assistant Professor of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterJacob T Gutsche, MD, FASE, FCCMAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRaul J Guzman, MDProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyYale School of MedicineRobert G Hahn, MD, PhDProfessor of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenSadia Haider, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Chief, Division of Family PlanningRush University Medical CenterLaura N Haines, MD, FACSAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California San DiegoMichael J Hall, MD, MSChair, Department of Clinical GeneticsProfessor, Department of Clinical GeneticsFox Chase Cancer CenterGiselle Hamad, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterAllen Hamdan, MDClinical Director of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolOmid Hamid, MDDirector, Melanoma CenterThe Angeles Clinic and Research InstituteGary D Hammer, MD, PhDMillie Schembechler Professor of Adrenal CancerUniversity of MichiganCassing Hammond, MDAssociate Professor in Obstetrics & GynecologyNorthwestern UniversityM Elizabeth H Hammond, MD, FCAPProfessor of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineAmir H Hamrahian, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismJohns Hopkins UniversityJuliana Hansen, MDProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityHidehiko Hara, MDAssociate ProfessorDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineToho University Ohashi Medical CenterJ William Harbour, MDProfessor and ChairmanThe David Bruton, Jr. Chair in OphthalmologyDepartment of OphthalmologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterSusan M Harding, MD, FCCP, AGAFSection Editor — Diagnostic TestingProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityGavin C Harewood, MDProfessor of MedicineRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDepartment of Gastroenterology Centracare Digestive CenterMalini Harigopal, MDProfessor of PathologyYale University School of MedicineSeth P Harlow, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLinda Harris, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryProgram Director, Vascular Surgery Fellowship & ResidencyChief, Division Vascular SurgeryUniversity at BuffaloIvy N Haskins, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterMary Hawn, MDStanford Medicine Professor in SurgeryStanford UniversityFrances J Hayes, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChristina J Hayhurst, MDAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareVanderbilt University Medical CenterC Mary Healy, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineAustin Heare, MDAssistant Professor Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver Health Medical CenterPamela Hebbard, MD, FRCSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare ManitobaHolly L Hedrick, MDLouise Schnaufer Endowed Chair in Pediatric SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaTraci L Hedrick, MD, MS, FACS, FACRSAssociate Professor of SurgeryChief, Division of General SurgeryVice Chair of Clinical Operations, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia HealthAlan C Heffner, MDDirector of Critical Care Director of ECMO Services Pulmonary and Critical Care Consultants Department of Internal Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Carolinas Medical CenterProfessorAtrium Health and University of North Carolina School of MedicineJohn E Heffner, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityProvidence Portland Medical CenterWouter JK Hehenkamp, MD, PhDGynaecologistVU University Medical Center, AmsterdamWayne JG Hellstrom, MDProfessor of UrologyChief, Section of AndrologyTulane University Health Sciences CenterC William Helm, MD, MBBChir, FRCS, MRCOGConsultant Gynaecological OncologistKara Hennelly, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric Emergency MedicineWashington University School of MedicineGavin L Henry, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of Surgery, University of Maryland School of MedicineDirector of Clinical Operations, Division of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland Medical SystemN Lynn Henry, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolDwight E Heron, MD, MBA, FACRO, FACRSystem Medical Director for Oncology ServicesBon Secours Mercy HealthHolly Herrington, MS, RD, LDN, CDEAdvanced Clinical DietitianDigestive Health CenterCenter for Lifestyle Medicine and Bariatric SurgeryDaniel M Herron, MD, FACS, FASMBSThe Salky Professor of SurgeryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiFelix JF Herth, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of HeidelbergPaul J Hesketh, MDSection Editor — Supportive CareDirector, Lahey Health Cancer InstituteDirector, Thoracic Oncology, Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineConnie N Hess, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJohn R Hess, MD, MPHProfessorUniversity of Washington School of MedicineRobert Heuschkel, MBBS, MRCPCHConsultant, Department of Pediatric GastroenterologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UKAnna Maria Hibbs, MD, MSCEProfessor of PediatricsCare Western Reserve UniversityCaitlin W Hicks, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineJohn Hicks, MD, DDS, PhDProfessorDepartment of PathologyBaylor College of MedicineLeslie M Higuchi, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolZiyad M Hijazi, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACC, MSCAI, FAHA, FPICSProfessor of Pediatrics & Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineChief Medical Officer & Chair, Department of Cardiovascular DiseasesDoha, QatarAndrew G Hill, MBChB, MD, EdD, FACS, FRACSProfessor of Surgery, Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of AucklandAndrew Hines, MDVascular and Interventional SpecialistsCharlotte RadiologyOscar Joe Hines, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUCLA School of MedicineIkuo Hirano, MDProfessor of Medicine, Gastroenterology DivisionNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineAriel Hirsch, MDProfessor of Radiation OncologyBoston University Medical CenterMichelle S Hirsch, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolAdam B Hittelman, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Urology, Chief Pediatric UrologyYale School of MedicineCharles C Ho, MDStaff AnesthesiologistBeverly Anesthesia AssociatesVanessa P Ho, MD, MPH, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryAssistant Professor of Population & Quantitative Health SciencesMetroHealth Medical CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineAlejandro Hoberman, MDDistinguished Service Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineRichard A Hodin, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMitchel S Hoffman, MDProfessorMoffitt Cancer CenterUniversity of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineRichard M Hoffman, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineJulie L Holihan, MD, MSAssistant Professor of SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at UTHealthNicholas Holmes, MDSenior Vice President, Chief Operating OfficerRady Children's Hospital San DiegoAngela M Hong, MBBS, MMed, PhD, FRANZCRMelanoma Institute Australia, The University of SydneyEdward Hong, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of South FloridaTheodore S Hong, MDProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical School Radiation OncologistMassachusetts General HospitalEwout J Hoorn, MD, PhDProfessor of NephrologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsMara J Horwitz, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghChristopher P Houk, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsGeorgia Regents UniversityMichael G House, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryChief, Division of Surgical OncologyIndiana University School of MedicineChi-yuan Hsu, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoDeborah C Hsu, MD, MEdAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineChristopher S Huang, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineJohn T Huggins, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaEdwin P Hui, MDClinical Associate Professor (Honorary)Department of Clinical OncologyPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongMenno V Huisman, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine at the Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsRussell D Hull, MBBS, MScEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of Calgary, CanadaRaegan Hunt, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Dermatology and PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineDivision Chief, Pediatric Dermatology DirectorTexas Children's HospitalAlice A Hunter, MDStaff OrthopedistLahey Hospital and Medical CenterHye-Chun Hur, MD, MPH, FACOGAssistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterArif Hussain, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pathology, and BiochemistryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineRobert C Hyzy, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterZuhaib Ibrahim, MDPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic SurgeryDaniel M Ihnat, MDAdjunct Associate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaJeffrey E Indes, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Montefiore Medical CenterJohn R Ingram, MD, PhDSenior Lecturer and Consultant DermatologistDivision of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University, Cardiff, United KingdomNicolas Intagliata, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of VirginiaRichard S Irwin, MDProfessor of MedicineUMass Chan Medical SchoolClaudine Isaacs, MDSection Editor — Breast CancerProfessor of Medicine and OncologyGeorgetown University Medical SchoolJess and Mildred Fisher Center for Hereditary Cancer and Clinical Genomics ResearchGlenn C Isaacson, MD, FAAPSection Editor — Pediatric OtolaryngologyProfessor, Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and PediatricsLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityShaheen Islam, MD, MPH, FCCPDivision Director, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineAugusta University, Medical College of GeorgiaOlav Istre, MD, PhDProfessor, Deptartment ofObstetrics and GynecologySouth Danish UniversityOdense, DenmarkTheodore Iwashyna, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine and Public HealthJohns HopkinsBrian P Jacob, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of SurgeryMount Sinai Medical CenterDavid G Jacobs, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Medical SchoolEric Jacobsen, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrian C Jacobson, MD, MPHDirector of Program Development for GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalAjay K Jain, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and PhysiologySaint Louis UniversityOluwatosin Jaiyeoba Goje, MD, MSCRAssistant Professor of SurgeryObstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health InstituteCleveland ClinicMichael T Jaklitsch, MDProfessor in SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalIbrahim A Janahi, MDProfessor of PediatricsWeill-Cornell Medical College, QatarJill Jasper, MDAdjunct Instructor of PediatricsUniversity of IowaAminah Jatoi, MDBetty J Foust and Parents' Professor of OncologyMayo Medical SchoolPatrick J Javid, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineValluvan Jeevanandam, MDChief, Cardiac & Thoracic SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryThe University of Chicago Medicine and Biological SciencesChristina L Jeng, MDAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology and OrthopaedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiPamela J Jensen, MDAttending PathologistTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasJames R Jett, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary MedicineProfessor of Medicine EmeritusNational Jewish HealthJeffrey Jim, MD, MPHS, FACSChair, Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMinneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern HospitalRamon E Jimenez, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryFlorida International UniversityHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineBonnie N Joe, MD, PhDProfessor of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingChiefUCSF Breast ImagingMark D Joffe, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineEric K Johnson, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityEric Jonasch, MDProfessorThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterGirish P Joshi, MB, BS, MD, FFARCSISection Editor — Fundamentals of AnesthesiaProfessor of Anesthesiology and Pain ManagementUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasHarald Jüppner, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolGregory J Jurkovich, MD, FACSProfessor and Vice-ChairmanLloyd F. & Rosemargaret Donant Chair in Trauma MedicineDepartment of Surgery, UC Davis HealthHaytham M Kaafarani, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolLowell S Kabnick, MD, RPhS, FACS, FACPhDirector of Clinical OperationsUnited Vein And Vascular CentersHoward Kadish, MD, MBAProfessor of PediatricsDivision Chief, Pediatric Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSusan R Kahn, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineMcGill UniversityPeter J Kahrilas, MDProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityVirginia Kaklamani, MD, DScProfessor of MedicineLeader, Breast Oncology ProgramMays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioVenkat Kalapatapu, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryDivision of Vascular SurgeryPenn Presbyterian Medical CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemJörg C Kalff, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity Medical Center, BonnDipti V Kamani, MDClinical Research SpecialistMassachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryZeina A Kanafani, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterSunanda V Kane, MD, MSPHSection Editor — Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseProfessorMayo Clinic College of MedicineStella K Kang, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Radiology and Population HealthNYU School of MedicineStephen Kang, MDAssociate ProfessorThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterElissa E Kaplan, MDGI Health Care AssociatesNewton-Wellesley HospitalJess L Kaplan, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolLewis J Kaplan, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaSahil K Kapur, MDAssistant ProfessorMD Anderson Cancer CenterWassim Kassouf, MD, CM, FRCSStephen Jarislowsky Chair in UrologyProfessor of Surgery (Urology)McGill University Health CenterStacey M Kassutto, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolCary S Kaufman, MDClinical Professor of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonMatthew R Kaufman, MD, FACSClinical Assistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryThe David Geffen UCLA Medical CenterCo-DirectorCenter for Treatment of Paralysis & Reconstructive Nerve SurgeryHackensack Meridian HealthJersey Shore University Medical CenterRichard Max Kaufman, MDAssociate Professor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolVivek Kaul, MD, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSegal-Watson Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.Sangeeta Kaushik, MDAttending PhysicianGeorgetown University Medical CenterMarsha Kay, MDDirector of Pediatric Endoscopy, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionCleveland Clinic Children'sKeith Kaye, MD, MPHChief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolFlorence K Keane, MDAssistant Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolAndrew P Keaveny, MD, FRCPIProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and SciencesElectron Kebebew, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryChief, Division of General SurgeryHarry A. Oberhelman, Jr. and Mark L. Welton ProfessorProgram Leader, Endocrine Oncology ProgramStanford Cancer CenterVicki L Keedy, MD, MSCIAssistant Professor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterKenneth L Kehl, MDPhysician, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteInstructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolScott R Kelley, MD, FACS, FASCRSConsultantMayo ClinicDivision of Colon and Rectal SurgeryCiarán P Kelly, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNancy R Kelly, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, DallasJohn G Kelton, CM, MD, FRCPCDistinguished University ProfessorDivision of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityExecutive DirectorMichael G. DeGroote Initiative for Innovation in Healthcare, McMaster UniversityJohn L Kendall, MD, FACEPProfessor, Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado Denver School of MedicinePeter T Kennealey, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryDirector, Vascular Access SurgeryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineSurgical Director, Kidney and Pancreas Transplant ProgramsUniversity of Colorado HospitalTara S Kent, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterKimberly Kenton, MD, MS, FACOG, FACSProfessor, Obstetrics & GynecologyChief, Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive SurgeryNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, ILThomas Archibald Kerr, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineDivision of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasEmily Keung, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Surgical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterAsif Khalid, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh, VA Pittsburgh Health Care SystemFarrukh A Khan, MD, FACSFormer Clinical Professor of SurgeryDrexel University College of MedicineNadia A Khan, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, CanadaSajid A Khan, MDResearch FellowArnold Pain Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterMouen A Khashab, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins HospitalMohit Khera, MD, MBA, MPHProfessor, Scott Department of UrologyBaylor College of MedicineRosanne M Kho, MDHead, Section of Medical Gynecology and Minimally Invasive Gynecologic SurgeryProgram Director, Fellowship in MIGSOb/Gyn & Women's Health InstituteCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OHMisaki Kiguchi, MD, MBA, MScAssistant Professor of SurgeryMedStar Washington Hospital CenterMedStar Georgetown University HospitalBrigid Killelea, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of SurgeryYale School of MedicineCharlie C Kilpatrick, MDAssociate Professor, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineDavid H Kim, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonJae H Kim, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsDirector, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of MedicinePaul J Kim, DPM, MSProfessorDepartment of Plastic SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical DirectorWound ProgramUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterGretchen Kimmick, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterAlice King, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's HospitalMelissa L Kirkwood, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryChief of Vascular SurgeryUT Southwestern Medical CenterHiroto Kita, MD, PhDDirector, Center for Gastrointestinal DiseaseNational Hospital Organization Tokyo National HospitalEric A Klein, MDChairman, Glickman Urological and Kidney InstituteProfessor of SurgeryCleveland ClinicMatthew B Klein, MD, MS, FACSClinical Associate ProfessorStanford University Division of Plastic SurgerySteven Kleinman, MDSection Editor — Transfusion MedicineClinical Professor of PathologyUniversity of British Columbia, VancouverAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDMichael Klompas, MD, MPHProfessor of Population MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael D Kluger, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of SurgeryCollege of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/CUMCWayne M Koch, MD, FACSProfessor of OtolaryngologyDirectorDivision of Head & Neck SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins Outpatient CenterErin E Koelling, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Service ChiefDivision of Vascular Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MDScott E Kopec, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical CenterDaryl J Kor, MDProfessor of AnesthesiologyMayo ClinicStephen J Kovach, MDHerndon B. Lehr Endowed Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor, Division of Plastic SurgeryDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn MedicineKris V Kowdley, MD, FAASLD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFDirector, Liver Institute Northwest Clinical Professor of Medicine, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine,Washington State UniversityReinhard Kramar, MDFormer Head of Department of NephrologyKlinikum Wels-Grieskirchen- Wels, AustriaBaruch Krauss, MD, EdM, FAAPAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMary Lee Krinsky, DOProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego Healthcare SystemJonathan B Kruskal, MD, PhDSection Editor — Abdominal ImagingProfessor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolMeir H Kryger, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityAleksandra Kukla, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMatthew Kulke, MDChief, Hematology and Oncology, Boston Medical CenterDeputy Director, Cancer Center, Boston University School of MedicineSenthil Kumar, MS, FRCS (Ed), FRCS (Gen Surg), CCT (UK)Head, Department of Liver Transplantation & HPB surgeryContinental HospitalsHyderabad, IndiaPriyanthi Kumarasinghe, MBBS, MD, FRCPA, Dip.Cytopath (RCPA)Consultant PathologistPathWest, QE II Medical CentreClinical ProfessorSchool of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western AustraliaHiroko Kunitake, MDAssistant in Surgery, Massachusetts General HospitalAssistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolMarina Kurian, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryNYU School of MedicineRobert F Kushner, MDProfessor of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineMatthew E Kutcher, MD, MS, FACSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterLori H Kwan, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyYale School of MedicineAva Kwong, MBBS, BSc, FRCS, FCSHK, FHKAMDaniel C K Yu Professor in Breast Cancer ResearchUniversity of Hong KongAndré Lacroix, MDSection Editor — Adrenal DiseaseProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Montreal, Quebec, CanadaBrian E Lacy, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicJay G Ladde, MD, FACEP, FAAEMProfessor of Emergency Medicine, University of Central Florida College of MedicineBlandine Laferrère, MDProfessor of Medicine, Obesity Nutrition Research CenterDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsMichelle Lai, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterTahaniyat Lalani, MBBS, MHSAssociate ProfessorUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesJoseph MC Lam, MDClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaLaura A Lambert, MDClinical Professor, SurgeryDirector, Peritoneal Surface Malignancy ProgramHuntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRon G Landmann, MDChief, Division of Colon & Rectal SurgeryBaptist MD Anderson Cancer CenterBruce Landon, MD, MBA, MScProfessor of Health Care Policy and MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterGregory Landry, MDMedical Director of Vascular SurgeryKootenai Clinic, Coeur d'Alene, IDUta Landy, PhDNational DirectorRyan Residency Training ProgramFellowship in Family PlanningUniversity of California, San FranciscoRoberto M Lang, MDProfessor of MedicinePritzker School of Medicine of the University of ChicagoPaul H Lange, MD, FACSProfessor EmeritusDepartment of UrologySchool of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonAnnie Lapointe, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Montreal, CanadaChristine Laronga, MD, FACSProfessorMoffitt Cancer Center, University of South FloridaDavid W Larson, MD, MBA, FACS, FASCRSSpecialty Council ChairProfessor of SurgeryMayo ClinicMarc R Laufer, MDProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolScott A Laurie, MD, FRCPCThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreUniversity of OttawaLaura Laursen, MD, MSAssistant ProfessorRush University Medical SchoolGregory Lauwers, MDSenior Member and Director of Gastrointestinal Pathology,H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute,Professor,Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Oncologic Sciences, University of South FloridaRyan Law, DOAssistant ProfessorMayo Clinic, RochesterHarold L Lazar, MDProfessor of Cardiothoracic SurgeryBoston University School of MedicineStephen Lazarou, MDClinical Instructor of UrologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolGweneth B Lazenby, MDProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaQuynh-Thu Le, MDProfessor and ChairDepartment of Radiation OncologyStanford UniversityDan I Lebovic, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University, St. LouisDennis K Ledford, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of South FloridaChristoph I Lee, MD, MSProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineEudocia Quant Lee, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolHannah Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMedical College of VirginiaHans Lee, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityLois K Lee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNancy Y Lee, MDAttending PhysicianMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterRichard J Lee, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalW Robert Lee, MD, MS, MEdSection Editor — Prostate CancerProfessor of Radiation OncologyDuke University Medical CenterSteven G Leeds, MDDivision Chief of Minimally Invasive SurgeryBaylor University Medical Center at DallasAssistant Clinical Professor of SurgeryTexas A&M School of MedicineCenter for Advanced SurgeryBaylor Scott and WhiteDallas, TXPaul Leger, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DCEric Legome, MDProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineMount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West HospitalsVice Chair of Academic Affairs, Emergency MedicineIcahn Mount Sinai School of MedicineAnthony J Lembo, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLuis R Leon, MD, RVT, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Arizona Health Science CenterClinical Assistant ProfessorArizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern UniversityJulie C Leonard, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsNationwide's Children's HospitalThe Ohio State University, College of MedicineDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine andNationwide Children’s HospitalJorge Leon-Villapalos, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsChelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UKSeth P Lerner, MDSection Editor — Bladder CancerBeth and Dave Swalm Chair in Urologic OncologyProfessor of UrologyBaylor College of MedicineLawrence LK Leung, MDEditor-in-Chief — HematologySection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationMaureen Lyles D'Ambrogio Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineL Scott Levin, MD, FACSPaul B Magnuson Professor of Bone and Joint SurgeryChairman, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryProfessor of Surgery (Plastic Surgery), University of PennsylvaniaLynne L Levitsky, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBarbara S Levy, MD, FACOGClinical Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceUCSD HealthClinical Professor, Obstetrics and GynecologyGeorge Washington UniversityJerrold H Levy, MD, FAHA, FCCMProfessor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Surgery (Cardiothoracic)Duke University HospitalMichael J Levy, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo College of MedicineHeather L Lewis, MDSurgical OncologistUniversity of Colorado HealthMike K Liang, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of HoustonRodger A Liddle, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical SchoolJohn C Lieske, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic Division of Nephrology and HypertensionKeith D Lillemoe, MD, FACSW Gerald Austen Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRobert B Lim, MD, FACS, FASMBSVice Chair of EducationOklahoma University-Physicians TulsaProfessor of SurgeryOklahoma University School of Medicine TulsaBrian J Linder, MDAssistant Professor of Urology and OB/GynDepartment of Urology, Mayo ClinicGregory YH Lip, MD, FRCPE, FESC, FACCPrice-Evans Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Liverpool, UKDistinguished Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DenmarkAdjunct Professor, Yonsei University, Seoul, South KoreaAdjunct Professor, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaCornelis J Lips, MD, PhDProfessor of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, The NetherlandsSusan Lipsett, MDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Liptay, MD, FACSThe Mary and John Bent Professor and ChairmanDepartment of Cardiovascular and Thoracic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterBabak Litkouhi, MDAssistant ProfessorStanford School of MedicineJennifer K Litton, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterVincent Liu, MDClinical ProfessorDepartments of Dermatology and PathologyUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineRuby Lo, MDVascular & Endovascular Surgery, Brown Physicians Inc.Assistant Professor of Surgery, Clinician Educator Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityEmanuele Lo Menzo, MD, PhD, FACSThe Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland Clinic FloridaProfessor, Florida Atlantic University College of Medicine, Florida International University College of Medicine, Ross UniversityCharles J Lockwood, MD, MHCMSection Editor — ObstetricsSenior Vice President, USF Health Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South FloridaLaura L Loftis, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineGeorge F Longstreth, MDClinic GastroenterologistVeterans Administration San Diego Healthcare SystemVoluntary Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineKathleen M Loomes, MDProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaMichele M Loor, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineSilvano Loperfido, MDConsultant of Gastroenterology Center Salute & CulturaTreviso, ItalyMonica Esperanza Lopez, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Pediatric SurgeryVice Chair, Surgical Quality and Evidence-based ProgramsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at VanderbiltCharles L Loprinzi, MDRegis Professor of Breast Cancer ResearchMayo Clinic College of MedicineGarrett Losh, MDOtolaryngologyPrivate Practice at the Iowa ClinicBrian E Louie, MD, MHA, MPH, FRCSC, FACSSection Editor — Esophageal SurgeryDirectorThoracic Research and Education Executive Co-Medical Director and Surgical ChairSwedish Digestive Health Institute, Division of Thoracic SurgeryStefanie R Lowas, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Pediatric Hematology/OncologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolRobert C Lowe, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineTony Lu, MDDeBakey Heart & Vascular CenterHouston Methodist HospitalAimee L Lucas, MD, MSAssociate Professor Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiTom F Lue, MD, ScD (Hon), FACSProfessor of UrologyEmil Tanagho Endowed Chair in Clinical UrologyDepartment of UrologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoEmily S Lukacz, MD, MASProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive SciencesUC San Diego HealthPhilip J Lupo, PhD, MPHAssociate Professor, Baylor College of MedicineDirector of Epidemiology Program, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology CentersMelanie L Lyden, MD, MHPEProfessor of SurgeryChief, Section of Endocrine SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineWilliam M Lydiatt, MDClinical ProfessorUnited States Naval Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Portsmouth VirginiaNebraska Methodist HospitalAlice Ma, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineThe Medical Alumni Loyalty Fund Distinguished Teaching ProfessorUniversity of North CarolinaMartin Ma, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of TorontoGraham MacKay, MBChB, FRCS, FFST, MDConsultant Colorectal SurgeonGlasgow Royal InfirmaryHonorary Associate ProfessorUniversity of GlasgowAndrew P MacKenzie, MDAssistant Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of ConnecticutDirector of Maternal Fetal MedicineSt Francis Hospital and Medical CenterGraeme MacLaren, MBBS, MSc, FRACP, FCICMCritical care physicianNational University Hospital, SingaporeAnthony MacLean, MD, FRCSC, FACSClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of CalgaryFinlay A Macrae, MDProfessor, Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaColm C Magee, MD, MPH, FRCPIClinical Lecturer in MedicineRoyal College of SurgeonsCristina Magi-Galluzzi, MD, PhDDirectorDepartment of Anatomic PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamJavier F Magrina, MDBarbara Woodward Lipps ProfessorDivision of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Gynecologic SurgeryMayo Clinic, AZVarocha Mahachai, MDProfessor of MedicineChulalongkorn University HospitalBangkok, ThailandUma Mahadevan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoFeroze Mahmood, MDProfessor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolNeal G Mahutte, MDMedical DirectorThe Montreal Fertility CenterAtul Malhotra, MDPeter C Farrell Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoPreeti Malladi, MDMethodist Dallas Medical CenterHarvey Mamon, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolScott Manaker, MD, PhDSection Editor — Critical CareProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineAnne T Mancino, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Arkansas of Medical SciencesJess Mandel, MD, MACP, ATSF, FRCPSection Editor — Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseKenneth M. Moser Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineVice-Chair for Education, Department of Internal MedicineUC San Diego School of MedicineSamuel P Mandell, MD, MPH, FACSAssociate Professor of Surgery, Director Parkland Burn CenterUT Southwestern Medical CenterWilliam J Mann, Jr, MDSection Editor — Gynecologic SurgeryClinical ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineWarren J Manning, MDSection Editor — Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress TestingProfessor of Medicine and RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Mannstadt, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPier Mannuccio Mannucci, MDSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor of Internal Medicine, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, IRCCS Ca' Granda Mahhiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation of Milan, ItalyPaul F Mansfield, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterChristos Mantzoros, MD, DScProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEllen F Manzullo, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineDepartment of General Internal MedicineUniversity of TexasMD Anderson Cancer CenterDror Marchaim, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityDirector of Infection Control and Prevention UnitShamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical CenterNorman E Marcon, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoJulie Margenthaler, MDAssociate ProfessorWashington University School of MedicineEdward R Mariano, MD, MAS, FASAProfessor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineStanford University School of MedicineJeffrey Marks, MDSection Editor — Minimally Invasive SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryUniversity HospitalsCase Medical CenterJacopo Martellucci, MD, PhDColorectal SurgeonCareggi University Hospital Florence, ItalyJohn A Martin, MDAssociate Professor, Senior Associate Consultant, and Associate Chair for EndoscopyMayo ClinicMatthew J Martin, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesNiels Martin, MD, FACS, FCCMAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRichard Martin, MDSection Editor — NeonatologyProfessor, Pediatrics, Reproductive Biology, and Physiology & BiophysicsCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineRonald F Martin, MDClinical Adjunct Professor Emeritus in SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthRenato G Martins, MD, MPHChairHematology Oncology and Palliative CareProfessorVirginia Commonwealth UniversityJoel B Mason, MDProfessor of Medicine and NutritionTufts University Schools of Medicine and NutritionUSDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts UniversityElena M Massarotti, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid B Matchar, MDProfessor of Medicine and PathologyDuke University Medical CenterDirector, Program in Health Services and Systems ResearchDuke-NUS Medical SchoolBarbara M Mathes, MD, FACP, FAADClinical Associate, DermatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaDavid J Mathison, MD, MBASenior Vice President, Clinical Operations - PM PediatricsPediatric Emergency PhysicianAlvin M Matsumoto, MDSection Editor — Male Reproductive EndocrinologyProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineMelissa Mattison, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAdrian A Maung, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineIvan D Maya, MD, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaJohn Mayberry, MD, FACSClinical Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineOscar H Mayer, MDProfessor of Clinical Pediatrics, Pediatric PulmonologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRyanne J Mayersak, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineAssistant Residency DirectorOregon Health & Science UniversityPaul H Mayo, MDAcademic Director Critical CareDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of MedicineNorthwell Health LIJ/NSUH Medical CenterProfessor of Clinical MedicineDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellKurt A McCammon, MD, FACS, ABU, FPMRSDevine Chair in Genitourinary Reconstructive SurgeryChairman and Program DirectorProfessor, Department of Urology Eastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolk, VirginiaMark O McCarron, MD, FRCPConsultant NeurologistAltnagelvin HospitalShelley R McCormick, MS, LCGCSenior Genetic CounselorMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCenter for Cancer Risk AssessmentDaniel McDermott, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoShaunagh McDermott, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolMalcolm McDonald, PhD, FRACP, FRCPAAdjunct ProfessorCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University, Queensland, AustraliaGraeme E McFarland, MDAssistant Professor of Vascular SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamMichael L McGarvey, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineKevin McGrath, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghJakob I McSparron, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineAssociate Director, Critical Care Medicine UnitProgram Director, Fellowship in Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of MichiganDennis J McTigue, DDS, MSProfessor Emeritus, Division of Pediatric DentistryOhio State UniversityKevin T McVary, MD, FACSDirector of the Center for Male Health Professor of UrologyDepartment of UrologyStritch School of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterC Crawford Mechem, MD, FACEPProfessor of Emergency MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaReza J Mehran, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of TexasMD Anderson Cancer CenterBabak Mehrara, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryCornell Weill Medical CenterBhoomi Mehrotra, MDDirectorCancer Institute at St. Francis HospitalRoslyn, NYAnkit Mehta, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, DallasAssociate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Baylor University Medical Center, DallasMichele Mekel, JD, MHA, MBAAssistant Director, Bioethics ProgramAssistant Teaching Professor, BioethicsAffiliate Faculty, Penn State Law & Rick Ethics InstituteJoint Appointment, Penn State College of MedicineMatthew Mell, MD, MS, FACSProfessor and Chief, Division of Vascular SurgeryMedical Director, UC Davis Vascular CenterDonna Reyes Mendez, MDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center (UTHSC) Medical School HoustonSofia D Merajver, MD, PhDProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolPeter A Merkel, MD, MPHSection Editor — VasculitisChief, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaGeno J Merli, MD, MACP, FHM, FSVMProfessor of Medicine & SurgerySidney Kimmel Medical CollegeSteven R Messé, MDProfessor of NeurologyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAnna H Messner, MDSection Editor — Pediatric OtolaryngologyProfessor of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineTheo E Meyer, MD, PhDSection Editor — Heart FailureProfessor of Medicine Interim Chief, Cardiology University of Massachusetts Medical School UMass Memorial Medical CenterAndrew J Meyr, DPMClinical ProfessorTemple University School of Podiatric MedicineAlain Meyrier, MDProfessor of Medicine (Emeritus)Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, FranceM Dror Michaelson, MD, PhDAssociate Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAmy B Middleman, MD, MPH, MS EdSection Editor — Adolescent MedicineProfessor of Pediatrics, Chief of Adolescent MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterMark E Mikkelsen, MD, MSCEAssociate ProfessorPulmonary Sciences and Critical CareAssociate Chief Medical Officer, Critical CareUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineStacey Milan, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryTexas A&M Health Sciences CenterBaylor Scott and White Health (Temple, TX)Mira Milas, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineBrett A Miles, DDS, MD, FACSProfessor and ChairVP, Regional Director Western RegionOtolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Division Head and Neck OncologyMicrovascular Reconstructive SurgeryOral and Maxillofacial Surgery Brent W Miller, MDMichael A. Kraus Professor of Medicine, Clinical Chief of NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineTrevor J Mills, MD, MPHProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California, DavisJoseph L Mills, Sr, MDSection Editor — Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryProfessor and Chief Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyBaylor College of MedicineGregory Mints, MD, FACPAssistant Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeErica L Mitchell, MD, Med SE, FACS, DFSVSProfessor of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMedical Director, Vascular & Endovascular Surgery at Regional One HealthJohn D Mitchell, MDAssociate Professor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolMarc E Mitchell, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Mississippi School of MedicineSiraj Mithoowani, MD, MHPE, FRCPCAssistant ProfessorDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityAnirban P Mitra, MD, PhDUrologic Oncologist, Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CAJason S Mizell, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesRonald P Mlcak, PhD, MBA, RRT, FAARCAssociate Professor Respiratory CareUTMB HealthJ Gregory Modrall, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterNaiem Moiemen, MB BCh, MSc, FRCS (PLAST)Professor, University of Birmingham School of Medicine (Hon)Consultant Burn and Plastic Surgeon, University hospitals Birmingham Foundation TrustDirector, Scar Free Foundation Burn Research Centre, BirminghamGreg Moneta, MDProfessor and Chief, Vascular SurgeryOregon Health and Science UniversityJohn RT Monson, MD, FRCS, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Central Florida, College of MedicineBlaise Mooney, MDAssociate ProfessorMoffitt Cancer CenterErnest E Moore, MDErnest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver HealthDistinguished Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado DenverChristopher J Moran, MDInstructor in PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMark D Morasch, MD, FACS, RPVIVascular SurgeonGeorge E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMaria E Moreira, MDSection Editor — Adult TraumaAssociate Professor, Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado Denver School of MedicineMedical Director of Continuing Education & Simulation Denver Health & Hospital AuthorityDouglas Morgan, MD, MPHDirector, UAB Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)James P Morgan, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJeffrey Morgan, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKatherine Morgan, MD, FACSProfessor and ChiefDivision of Gastrointestinal and Laparoscopic SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaDonald Morris, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery - Part TimeHarvard Medical SchoolJudd W Moul, MD, FACSJames H. Semans, MD Professor of SurgeryDivision of Urologic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterDirector, Duke Prostate CenterDuke Cancer InstituteDavid B Mount, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate/Clinical Chief, Renal DivisionBrigham and Women's HospitalRenal Division, VA BostonAlbeir Y Mousa, MD, FACS, MBA, MPH, RPVIProfessor, Department of SurgeryVascular and Endovascular Surgery DivisionWest Virginia UniversityHaralampos M Moutsopoulos, MD, FACP, FRCP, Master ACREmeritus Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Ioannina, University of AthensKent W Mouw, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Radiation OncologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham & Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolYvonne Mowery, MDButler Harris Assistant Professor of Radiation OncologyDuke University Cancer InstituteBeverly Moy, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolElizabeth R Mueller, MD, MSME, FACSProfessorFemale Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive SurgeryDepartments of Urology and Obstetrics/GynecologyLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineJohn T Mullen, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalMichael T Mullen, MDAssociate ProfessorLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityVisala Muluk, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghFrancesco Muratore, MDRheumatology UnitAzienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS – di Reggio EmiliaTibor Nadasdy, MDProfessor of PathologyDirector of Renal and Transplant Pathology Ohio State UniversityMaurice Nahabedian, MDProfessor of Plastic SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University – Inova BranchNational Center for Plastic SurgeryBindi Naik-Mathuria, MD, MPHProfessor of Surgery and Chief, Division of Pediatric SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchStephen Y Nakada, MDProfessor of UrologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthGovind Nandakumar, MD, FACS, FASCRSChief of Gastrointestinal Surgery & GI OncosurgeryColumbia Asia Hospitals Bangalore Courtesy Faculty, Weill Cornell Medical College, New YorkJim Natale, PharmD, BCOPClinical Pharmacy SpecialistUPMC Cancer CentersVladimir Nekhendzy, MDClinical Professor of Anesthesiology and OtolaryngologyStanford University School of MedicineKenneth G Nepple, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of UrologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineDavid G Neschis, MDClinical Associate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineGregory Ness, DDS, FACSEmeritus Professor - ClinicalCollege of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityGiora Netzer, MD, MSCEProfessor of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMark I Neuman, MD, MPHSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCatherine C Neumann, MS, LCGCGenetic CounselorDepartment of Clinical GeneticsFox Chase Cancer CenterPaul Newey, MDSenior Lecturer in Endocrinology, Division of Molecular & Clinical MedicineNinewells Hospital & Medical School, University of DundeeJonathan D Newman, MD, MPH, FAHA, FACCEugene Braunwald MD Assistant Professor of Cardiology (Medicine)The Leon H Charney Division of CardiologyThe Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular DiseaseNew York University School of MedicineSara Newmann, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoAndrea K Ng, MD, MPHProfessor, Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalDana-Farber Cancer InstitutePaul T Nghiem, MD, PhDProfessor and HeadUniversity of Washington DermatologyGeorge F. Odland Chair in DermatologyDuy Nguyen, MDThoracic & Foregut SurgeonLegacy HealthThomas Nickolas, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, NephrologyLynnette K Nieman, MDSection Editor — Adrenal DiseaseSenior InvestigatorBethesda, MDDmitriy Nikolavsky, MDProfessor, Department of UrologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversityErrol R Norwitz, MD, PhD, MBAProfessor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts University School of MedicinePresident/CEO, Newton-Wellesley HospitalNawal M Nour, MD, MPHAssociate Professor in Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolJed G Nuchtern, MD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery DivisionBaylor College of MedicineFiemu Nwariaku, MD, FACS, FWACSProfessorSpencer Fox Eccles School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSarah O'Brien, MD, MScSection Editor — Pediatric HematologyAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's HospitalE. Andrew Ochroch, MD, MSCEAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaStephen R Odom, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMichael A O'Donnell, MD, FACSProfessor of UrologyUniversity of IowaDonough J O'Donovan, MDClinical Lecturer in PediatricsNational University of Ireland, GalwayRobert D Odze, MD, FRCPCProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolBrant K Oelschlager, MDProfessor, Department of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonChristopher M Oermann, MDProfessor, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri-Kansas City School of MedicineChristopher S Ogilvy, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolWilliam K Oh, MDSection Editor — Testicular CancerClinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical OncologyTisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiCMO, Prostate Cancer FoundationAderonke Ojo, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatric Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineM Fatih Okcu, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineKelly P O'Keefe, MD, FACEPProgram Director and ProfessorFlorida State University College of MedicineEmergency Medicine ResidencySarasota Memorial HospitalScott Okuno, MDProfessor of OncologyDivision of Medical OncologyMayo ClinicMichael P O'Leary, MD, MPHSection Editor — UrologyProfessor of Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolSenior Urologic Surgeon, Brigham and Women's HospitalJeffrey W Olin, DOProfessor of Medicine (Cardiology)Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiAnthony P Olivé, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineMatthew J Oliver, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Toronto, CanadaKelly A Olson, MD, MAHonorary Administrator in the Institute of Medical Sciences, within the School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenTerrence A O'Malley, MDCorresponding Faculty Member, Harvard Medical SchoolW Charles O'Neill, MDProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineShimpei Ono, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolDennis P Orgill, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolAlisha Oropallo, MD, FACSAssociate Professor, Zucker Hofstra School of MedicineNorthwell Health, New YorkPamela H Orr, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaMary F Otterson, MDProfessor, Colorectal SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinDavid W Ouyang, MDClinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal MedicineNorth Shore University Health SystemUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineMichael J Overman, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterTulin Ozcan, MDMaternal Fetal Medicine SpecialistInova Medical CampusStephanie T Page, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineDebra L Palazzi, MD, MEdProfessor of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases SectionBaylor College of MedicineJoel M Palefsky, MDProfessorUniversity of California San FranciscoPast President, International Papillomavirus SocietyPast President, International Anal Neoplasia SocietyPaul M Palevsky, MDSection Editor — Acute Kidney InjuryProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemBiff F Palmer, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterAlessandra Palmisano, MD, PhDDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Parma, ItalyManisha Palta, MDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyDuke UniversityPratik Pandharipande, MD, MSCIProfessor of Anesthesiology and SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineJaideep J Pandit, MA, BM, DPhil, FRCA, FFPMRCA, DMProfessor of AnaesthesiaUniversity of OxfordJohn E Pandolfino, MDProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityAllan J Pantuck, MD, MS, FACSAssociate ProfessorUCLA David Geffen School of MedicineMarie Fidela R Paraiso, MD, FACOG, FPMRSVice Chair, OBGYN and Women's Health InstituteProfess or Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western UniversityAparna R Parikh, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolSamir M Parikh, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and PharmacologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterSamir V Parikh, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineDivision of NephrologyThe Ohio State University Medical CenterKenneth M Pariser, MDChief of Clinical RheumatologyBrigham and Women's Faulkner HospitalAssociate Professor of MediciManoj Pariyadath, MDUltrasound DirectorAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineWake Forest University Baptist Medical CenterAmy J Park, MDSection Head, Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive SurgeryOB/GYN & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland ClinicJoong Shin Park, MD, PhDProfessor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySeoul National University College of Medicine, KoreaSong Youn Park, MDActing Instructor, Division of DermatologyUniversity of WashingtonPamela ParkerPatient Perspective Author – Peripheral artery diseaseWilliam H Parker, MDClinical ProfessorOb Gyn and Reproductive SciencesUC San Diego School of MedicineShalini Paruthi, MDAdjunct Associate ProfessorSaint Louis University School of MedicinePankaj J Pasricha, MDProfessor of Medicine and NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDirector, Johns Hopkins Center for NeurogastroenterologyMarc A Passman, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamMark S Pasternack, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolNishaben Patel, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Golisano Children's HospitalSameer H Patel, MD, CMQAssistant Professor of SurgeryThe University of Cincinnati Medical CenterShreyaskumar R Patel, MDCenter Medical Director, Sarcoma CenterProfessor of Medicine and Deputy ChairmanDepartment of Sarcoma Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterThe University of TexasSutchin Patel, MDAdjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of UrologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthRajita Patil, MD, FACOGAssistant Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAEric M Pauli, MDDavid L Nahrwold Professor of SurgeryPenn State Hershey Medical CenterTimothy M Pawlik, MD, MPH, PhD, FACS, RACS (Hon.)Professor of Surgery, Oncology, and Health Services Management and PolicyThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterBenjamin J Pearce, MD, FACSAssociate Professor and Program DirectorVascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamKatrina S Pedersen, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineJohn H Pemberton, MDProfessor of SurgeryMayo Clinic and Mayo Medical SchoolRobert M Penner, BSc, MD, FRCPC, MScAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaDavid F Penson, MD, MPHProfessor of Urologic SurgeryDirector of Vanderbilt Center for Surgical Quality and Outcomes ResearchMark A Peppercorn, MDProfessor of Medicine EmeritusHarvard Medical SchoolElizabeth Peralta, MDSurgical OncologistSutter Pacific Medical FoundationMark A Perazella, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineMolly Perencevich, MDBrigham and Women’s HospitalAssociate PhysicianAlexander Perez, MD, MSHCT, FACSProfessor and Division ChiefLe Roy Hillyer, MD, Endowed Chair in SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchLeigh Perreault, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAssociate Professor of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthNancy D Perrier, MD, FACSProfessorThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterCatherine E Perron, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAlissa Perrucci, PhD, MPHCounseling & Administrative ManagerUniversity of California, San FranciscoHolly Perry, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts School of MedicineBeth N Peshkin, MS, CGCProfessor of Oncology, Certified Genetic CounselorGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterJess and Mildred Fisher Center for Hereditary Cancer and Clinical Genomics ResearchRebecca P Petersen, MD, MScAssociate ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonAndrew Peterson, MD, MPH, FACSProfessor of Urologic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterClayton C Petro, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryLerner College of MedicineCleveland Clinic Center for Abdominal Core HealthCurtis A Pettaway, MDProfessor of UrologyUniversity of TexasKurt Pfeifer, MD, FACP, SFHMChief, Section of Perioperative and Consultative MedicineProfessor of Medicine – General Internal MedicineMedical College of WisconsinTam N Pham, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonHerb A Phelan, MD, MSCSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Burns/Trauma/Critical CareUT Southwestern Medical CenterParkland Memorial HospitalPhillip M Pierorazio, MDChief, Section of UrologyPenn Presbyterian Medical CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaEugene J Pietzak, MDAssistant Attending Surgeon, Urology ServiceDepartment of SurgeryMemorial Sloan Kettering CancerAssistant Professor of UrologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityLouis L Pisters, MDProfessorThe University of Texas School of MedicineMD Anderson Cancer CenterSharon E Plon, MD, PhDDan L. Duncan Cancer CenterProfessorPediatrics/Hematology-OncologyMolecular and Human GeneticsHuman Genome Sequencing CenterBaylor College of MedicinePhilip J Podrid, MD, FACCProfessor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of MedicineLecturer, Harvard Medical SchoolTodd A Ponsky, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgery University of CincinnatiMichel Pontari, MDProfessor of UrologyTemple University School of MedicineColin S Poon, MD, PhD, FRCPCRadiologistProvidence St Peter Hospital, Olympia, WAThaddeus M Pope, JD, PhD, HEC-CProfessor, Mitchell Hamline School of LawNeelakantan Prakash, MDMIS Thoracic and Foregut FellowSwedish Medical CenterBhanu Prasad, MRCP (UK), CCST, FRCPCClinical Associate Professor of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanGlenn M Preminger, MDSection Editor — Renal Ureteral StonesProfessor of Urologic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterDirector of EducationEndourological SocietyKathleen I Pritchard, MD, FRCPCProfessor EmeritaDivision of Medical OncologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of TorontoMedical OncologistSunnybrook Odette Cancer CentreSenior ScientistSunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, CanadaAaron R Prosnitz, MDSanger Heart and Vascular InstituteLevine Children’s HospitalAtrium HealthAurora Pryor, MD, MBAProfessor of SurgeryStony Brook MedicineSanoj Punnen, MD, MASAssociate Professor, Department of UrologyMiller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer CenterFerenc Puskas, MD, PhD, MBAClinical ProfessorUniversity of Nevada Reno School of MedicineL Darryl Quarles, MDSection Editor — Renal OsteodystrophyDirector, Division of NephrologyAssociate Dean for ResearchThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterJames V Quinn, MD, MSProfessor of Emergency MedicineStanford UniversityRob R Quinn, MD, PhD, FRCPCAssociate ProfessorDepartments of Medicine & Community Health SciencesUniversity of Calgary, CanadaNephrologistFoothills Medical CentreCalgary, CanadaJeanne M Quivey, MD, FACRProfessorClinical Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoJai Radhakrishnan, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterKanwal Raghav, MDAssistant ProfessorThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TXFrederic F Rahbari-Oskoui, MD, MSCRProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineIsaac Raijman, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TXDigestive Associates of Houston, PAAli Raja, MD, MBA, MPHProfessor, Mooney-Reed Endowed Chair, and Executive Vice ChairHarvard Medical School and Massachusetts General HospitalMark E Ralston, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesSuresh S Ramalingam, MDProfessorDirector of Medical OncologyDepartment of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University, Winship Cancer InstitutePatrick S Ramsey, MD, MSPHProfessor, OB/GYN Chief, Division of Maternal Fetal MedicineDirector, Maternal-Fetal Medicine FellowshipMedical Director, Maternal TransportUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioChris Ramsook, MDAttending PhysicianPhoenix Children's HospitalGregory W Randolph, MD, FACSAssociate Professor in Otology & LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolRoshni Rao, MDChief, Breast SurgeryVivian L. Milstein Associate Professor of SurgeryNew York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical CenterShyam SD Rao, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer CenterTodd E Rasmussen, MD, FACS, COL, USAF, MCProfessor of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaChandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACSProfessor of Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteVinod Ravi, MDAssociate ProfessorSarcoma Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterThe University of TexasDaniel P Raymond, MDThoracic SurgeonThe Cleveland ClinicAndrei Rebarber, MDClinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiPresident, Carnegie Imaging for Women, PLLCPresident, Maternal Fetal Medicine Assoc, PLLCHoward A Reber, MDProfessor of SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAJhansi Reddy, MD, FACOGAssistant Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell MedicineK Rajender Reddy, MDRuimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine in SurgeryDirector of HepatologyDirector, Viral Hepatitis CenterMedical Director of Liver TransplantationUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineAmy B Reed, MDProfessor and Chief, Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaDirector, M Health Fairview Vascular ServicesSusan D Reed, MD, MPHProfessor, Vice ChairDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology AdjunctDepartment of EpidemiologyHarborview Medical CenterUniversity of Washington School of MedicineArie Regev, MDAdjunct Associate Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineMiguel Regueiro, MD, AGAF, FACG, FACPChair, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe Pier C. and Renee A. Borra Family Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology and HepatologyChair, Digestive Disease and Surgery InstituteCleveland ClinicProfessor of MedicineDavid E Reichman, MDAssistant ProfessorThe Ronald O Perelman Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive MedicineNew York Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell Medical CollegeHans-Oliver Rennekampff, MDProfessor of Plastic SurgeryRhein-Maas KlinikumAachen WürselenGermanyRocco Ricciardi, MD, MPHChief, Section of Colon and Rectal SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalAssociate Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical SchoolPhillip L Rice, Jr, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPhoebe Rich, MDAdjunct Professor of DermatologyOregon Health and Science UniversityDavid Richards, MD, FACEPAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJerome P Richie, MD, FACSSection Editor — Cancer of the Urethra, Penis, and Ureter; Urologic Surgery; Prostate CancerElliott Carr Cutler Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolLeslie M Rickey, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorYale School of MedicineDavid M Rind, MDSection Editor — General MedicineChief Medical OfficerInstitute for Clinical and Economic ReviewAssistant Professor of Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Ring, MD, PhDAssociate Dean for Comprehensive CareDell Medical School, University of Texas at AustinDavid E Rivadeneira, MD, MBA, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryHofstra University School of MedicineMack Roach, III, MDProfessor of Radiation Oncology and UrologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoDepartment of Radiation OncologyHelen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterMark G Roback, MDSection Head, Emergency MedicineChildren's Hospital ColoradoProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDavid W Roberson, MD, MBA, FACS, FRCSAttending OtolaryngologistBayhealth Medical CenterSussex, DelawareAnne Roberts, MDProfessor of RadiologyUCSD Medical SchoolIngram Roberts, MD, MBAClinical Professor of Medicine (Adjunct)Temple University School of MedicineR Paul Robertson, MDProfessor EmeritusUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of MinnesotaKristen M Robson, MD, MBA, FACGDeputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAssistant ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineJames W Rocco, MD, PhD, FACSProfessor and John and Mary Alford Chair of Head and Neck SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterMichael Rocco, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineFlavio G Rocha, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryOregon Health and Science UniversityMeredith Rochon, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineChief, Division of Maternal Fetal MedicineDepartment of Ob/GynLehigh Valley Health NetworkPaula A Rochon, MD, MPH, FRCPCFounding Director, Women’s Age Lab, Women’s College HospitalProfessor, Department of MedicineRTO/ERO Chair in Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Toronto, CanadaDon C Rockey, MDChairman, Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaLinda H Rodgers, MGC, CGCGenetic CounselorMassachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Risk AssessmentMiguel A Rodriguez-Bigas, MDProfessor of SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer CenterAndrea H Roe, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorPerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaAlan D Rogers, MBChB, FC Plast Surg, MMed, FRCSI, MSc, FACSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of TorontoAttending Plastic SurgeonRoss Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreSanziana Roman, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of California, San Francisco*kathleen S Romanowski, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaDavis and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern CaliforniaNeil Romberg, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of PennsylvaniaAttending PhysicianChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaGuy Rordorf, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Rosen, MDSection Editor — Hernia SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic FoundationRaymond C Rosen, PhDAdjunct Full Professor of PsychiatryUCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CAHarvey K Rosenbaum, MDClinical Professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAMember, MHAUS Professional Advisory CouncilStanley Rosenbaum, MA, MDProfessor EmeritusYale School of MedicineHenry Rosenberg, MDPresident Emeritus, Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United StatesJonathan E Rosenberg, MDAttending Physician, ProfessorChief, Genitourinary Oncology ServiceSloan-Kettering Cancer CenterWeill-Cornell Medical CollegeMeg A Rosenblatt, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and OrthopaedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNorman D Rosenblum, MD, FRCPProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoRichard Rosenquist, MDChairman, Pain Management DepartmentAnesthesiology InstituteCleveland ClinicRobert S Rosenson, MDSection Editor — LipidsProfessor of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineDirector, Metabolism and LipidsMount Sinai Health SystemMichael H Rosenthal, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical SchoolRaul J Rosenthal, MD, FACS, FASMBSChairmanDepartment of General SurgeryDirector, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute at Cleveland Clinic, Weston, FloridaClinical Professor of Surgery Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine at Florida International UniversityMitchell H Rosner, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemDouglas S Ross, MDSection Editor — Thyroid DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNatalia S Rost, MD, MPHProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolJayanta Roy-Chowdhury, MD, MRCP, AGAF, FAASLDProfessor of Medicine and GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNamita Roy-Chowdhury, PhD, FAASLDProfessor of Medicine and GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineKathryn J Ruddy, MD, MPHDirector of Cancer Survivorship, Department of OncologyProfessor of OncologyMayo ClinicMichael R Rudnick, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineFadel E Ruiz, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoSeward B Rutkove, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolCharles J Ryan, MDProfessor of MedicineB.J. Kennedy Chair in Clinical Medical OncologyDirector, Division of Hematology, Oncology and TransplantationUniversity of MinnesotaChristopher W Ryan, MDProfessorOregon Health & Science UniversityKnight Cancer InstituteDavid P Ryan, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMarsha Ryan, MD, JD, FACSAdjunct Professor, School of LawSouthern Illinois UniversityKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamJeremiah J Sabado, MDClinical Instructor of Radiology and PediatricsSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityMichael S Sabel, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolSabina Sabharwal, MD, MPHInstructor in PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolKatherine Sage, MS, DOAssociate Professor and Clinical FacultyMichigan State University College of Osteopathic MedicineRajiv Saini, MDClinical Instructor, Department of UrologyDownstate Medical CollegeRichard A Saladino, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineRitu Salani, MD, MBAProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Gynecologic OncologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLABenjamin E Saltman, MDAssistant Professor of OtolaryngologyDivision of Head and Neck SurgeryHofstra North Shore LIJ School of MedicineJohn R Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSection Editor — Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarlo Salvarani, MDProfessor of RheumatologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaAzienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS – di Reggio Emilia and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di ModenaWolfram E Samlowski, MDComprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada (Las Vegas)Clinical Professor, University of Nevada, RenoClinical Professor, University of Nevada, Las VegasTarik Sammour, MBChB, FRACS, PhD, CSSANZAssociate Professor of Surgery, University of AdelaideColorectal Surgeon, Royal Adelaide HospitalHanna K Sanoff, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillCarlos AQ Santos, MD, MPHSAssociate Professor of MedicineRush University Medical CenterArun J Sanyal, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRobert B Saper, MD, MPHChair, Department of Wellness and Preventive MedicineCleveland ClinicBabak Sarani, MD, FACS, FCCMProfessor of Surgery and Emergency MedicineDirector, Center for Trauma and Critical CareGeorge Washington UniversityMuhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FACC, FASEAssociate Professor of Medicine — Noninvasive CardiologyNew York University School of MedicineGeorge A Sarosi, Jr, MDRobert H. Hux ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineA Oliver Sartor, MDSection Editor — Prostate CancerLaborde Professor for Cancer ResearchMedical Director, Tulane Cancer CenterDepts. of Medicine and UrologyTulane Medical SchoolDavid J Sas, DO, MPHAssistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and HypertensionMayo Clinic, Rochester, MNAndrew J Satin, MD, FACOGThe Dorothy Edwards Professor and Director of Gynecology and ObstetricsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineThomas T Sato, MD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery, Division of General and Thoracic Pediatric SurgeryChildren's Wisconsin/Medical College of WisconsinKai Saukkonen, MDDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNicole M Saur, MD, FACS, FASCRSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of MedicineRichard H Savel, MD, MBA, FCCMProfessor of Clinical MedicineSUNY Downstate College of MedicineAnthony J Schaeffer, MDHerman L Kretschmer ProfessorNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineJulie V Schaffer, MDAttending in Pediatric DermatologyDirector, Pediatric Dermatology FellowshipDivision of Pediatric & Adolescent Dermatology Hackensack University Medical CenterMorris Schambelan, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoMichael Schatz, MD, MSClinical Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineSteven J Scheinman, MDDean EmeritusGeisinger Commonwealth School of MedicineRobert S Schenken, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioLarry A Scher, MD, FACSProfessor of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMontefiore Medical CenterBradley Schiff, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineRachel Schiff, PhDProfessorDepartments of Medicine and Molecular Cell BiologyLester and Sue Smith Breast CenterBaylor College of MedicineSteven E Schild, MDSection Editor — Radiation TherapyProfessor of Radiation OncologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineCarl Schmidt, MDProfessor of SurgeryWest Virginia UniversityRebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACPProfessor of MedicineWest Virginia University School of MedicineArthur B Schneider, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineKasmintan A Schrader, MBBS, FRCPC, PhDMedical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaJason Schrager, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of CincinnatiRoman Schumann, MDProfessor of AnesthesiologyTufts University School of MedicineSteven D Schwaitzberg, MD, FACSProfessor and ChairmanJacobs School of MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, The State University of New YorkDavid A Schwartz, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt UniversityJonathan M Schwartz, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineMontefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of MedicineSarah Jane Schwarzenberg, MDProfessor of PediatricsDirector, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Minnesota Masonic Children's HospitalFrancesco Scolari, MDAssociate Professor of NephrologyUniversity of BresciaSherry Scovell, MD, FACSAssistant Professor in Surgery, Part TimeHarvard Medical School/Massachusetts General HospitalSandeep J Sebastin Muttath, MMed, FAMSSenior Consultant Hand SurgeonOrthopaedic and Hand Surgery PartnersGleneagles Hospital, SingaporeUwe Seitz, MDBergstrasse Medical Center, HeppenheimUniversity Hospital Heidelberg, GermanyJesse Selber, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorMD Anderson Cancer Center, University of TexasGennaro Selvaggi, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineIndrani Sen, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceArlene C Seña, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillPearl H Seo, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorSylvester Cancer CenterUniversity of Miami School of MedicineDavid Seres, MDSection Editor — NutritionDirector of Medical NutritionProfessor of Medicine in the Institute for Human NutritionColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsDaniel Sessler, MDMichael Cudahy Professor and ChairOutcomes Research ConsortiumAnesthesiology InstituteCleveland ClinicMala Setty, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of PediatricsUCSF Benioff Children's HospitalsDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterAnna K Sfakianaki, MDDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineNeeral L Shah, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of VirginiaParth S Shah, MBBS, FACSVascular and Endovascular SurgeonHartford HospitalAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineRaj J Shah, MD, MASGE, AGAF, FACGProfessor of Medicine, University of Colorado School of MedicineDirector, Pancreas and Biliary EndoscopyDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Hospital, Anschutz Medical CampusShimul A Shah, MD, MHCMThe James & Catherine Orr Endowed Chair of Liver Transplantation Associate Professor of Surgery Director, Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity of CincinnatiShinil K Shah, DO, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonShahriar Shahrokhi, MD, FRCSC, FACSSurgeon, Ross Tilley Burn CentreSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreAssistant Professor, University of TorontoDepartment of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryNader Shaikh, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineAmir A Shamshirsaz, MDAssistant Professor of Maternal Fetal Medicine/Surgical Critical CareDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Department of Medicine/Division of Pulmonary Critical CareTexas Children's Hospital/Pavilion for WomenBaylor College of Medicine Elizabeth Shane, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterCaitlin Shannon, MPHResearch and Evidence LeadCARE USAAsif Sharfuddin, MD, FASN, FASTAssociate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantDepartment of Medicine, Indiana University School of MedicineShahrokh F Shariat, MD, PhDProfessor and Chairman Department of UrologyMedical University of ViennaAdjunct Professor of Urology and Medical OncologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityAdjunct Professor of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterPriyanka Sharma, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterHoward T Sharp, MDSection Editor — Gynecologic SurgeryProfessor and Vice Chair for Clinical ActivitiesDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Utah Health Sciences CenterPalma Shaw, MDProfessor of SurgerySUNY Upstate Medical UniversityJeremy M Shefner, MD, PhDSection Editor — Neuromuscular DiseaseProfessor of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Professor of Neurology, University of Arizona, Phoenix Clinical Professor of Neurology, Creighton UniversityPaul Shekelle, MDProfessor of MedicineUCLA Medical SchoolBo Shen, MD, AGAF, FACG, FASGEThe Edelman and Jarislowsky Professor of Surgical Sciences; Professor of Medicine and Surgical Sciences (in surgery)Vice Chair for Innovation, Departments of Medicine and SurgeryDirector of IBD Section and Center for Interventional IBDColumbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian HospitalJeannie Shen, MDBreast SurgeonCedars-Sinai Medical CenterDavid J Sher, MD, MPHProfessor of Radiation OncologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterAmandeep Shergill, MD, MSProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CA, San Francisco/ San Francisco VA MedicalEric J Sherman, MDAssistant Attending PhysicianMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterStuart Sherman, MDProfessor of Medicine and RadiologyIndiana University School of MedicineGlen Lehman Professor of GastroenterologyDirector of Advanced EndoscopySunil G Sheth, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Shibata, MDProfessor and ChairDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterGrace Shih, MD, MASAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Family MedicineUniversity of WashingtonHelen A Shih, MD, MS, MPHProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolAttending Radiation OncologistMassachusetts General HospitalKarin K Shih, MDAssistant ProfessorObstetrics & GynecologyZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellLaura Shin, DPM, PhDAssistant Professor of Clinical SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of Vascular Surgery & Endovascular TherapyKeck School of Medicine of University of Southern CaliforniaJason M Shohet, MD, PhDDivision Chair, Pediatric Hematology/OncologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolCynthia K Shortell, MDChief of Staff, Department of Surgery Professor and Chief, Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryDivision of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterAlexander N Shoushtari, MDAssistant Attending PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterInstructorWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityBrian Shuch, MDAssociate Professor of UrologyHenry Alvin and Carrie L. Meinhardt Chair in Kidney Cancer ResearchKidney Cancer Program Director, UCLA Institute of Urologic OncologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLAAnn W Silk, MD, MSPhysician, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteAssistant Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolAngelica Silva Figueroa, MDAssistant Professor, Staff Surgeon RedSalud Clinic Avansalud, East Metropolitan Health ServiceShonni J Silverberg, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsBarry P Simmons, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRonald J Simon, MDDirector, Trauma SurgeryDirector, Surgical ICUMaimonides Medical CenterBrooklyn, NYAlexis Simpkins, MD, PhD, MSCR, FAHAStaff Clinician, Vascular Neurology DivisionDepartment of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical CenterKelly Sinclair, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsThe Children's Mercy HospitalAmit G Singal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TXRobert J Singer, MDDirector, Neurovascular TherapeuticsMenorah Medical CenterAnupama Singh, MDJack Mitchell Thoracic Surgery Oncology Research FellowThoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's HospitalKamaljeet Singh, MDAssociate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityMichael S Sinha, MD, JD, MPHAssistant Professor of LawSaint Louis University School of LawNicole Siparsky, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryRush Medical CollegeJennifer A Sipos, MDProfessor of MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineRebecca S Sippel, MD, FACSChief of Endocrine SurgeryAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthClaude B Sirlin, MDProfessor of RadiologyDirector, Liver Imaging GroupUC San DiegoPriscilla J Slanetz, MD, MPH, FACRProfessor of RadiologyBoston University Medical CenterPeter D Slinger, MD, FRCPCSection Editor — Thoracic/Vascular AnesthesiaProfessor of AnesthesiaToronto General HospitalMatthew R Smeds, MD, FACS, DFSVSProfessor of Surgery, Department of SurgerySaint Louis UniversityGerald W Smetana, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDouglas Smink, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolC Christopher Smith, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJodi Smith, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonJoseph A Smith, MDProfessor and Chairman of Urologic SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineMatthew R Smith, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterRichard V Smith, MDProfessor and Chair, Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical CenterValeria Smith, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/OncologyBaylor College of MedicineCharles Jason Smithers, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryJohns Hopkins UniversityGreg Snead, MDChief of Emergency UltrasoundUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesPeter J Snyder, MDEditor-in-Chief — EndocrinologySection Editor — Pituitary Disease; Male Reproductive EndocrinologyProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineDaniel H Solomon, MD, MPHMatthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population HealthProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarmen C Solórzano, MD, FACS, FSSOProfessor of SurgeryVanderbilt University Medical CenterShiyu Song, MD, PhDProfessor of Radiation OncologyVirginia Commonwealth University Health SystemDavid E Soper, MDProfessor and Senior Medical Director of Women's HealthMedical University of South CarolinaNathaniel J Soper, MD, FACSProfessor and ChairmanUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineJulie Ann Sosa, MD, MA, FACSLeon Goldman, MD Distinguished ProfessorChair, Department of SurgeryProfessor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)Jeffrey A Sosman, MDProfessor of MedicineRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of NorthwesternMichael C Soult, MD, RPVI, FACSAssistant Professor, Loyola University ChicagoDepartment of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyMichelle Sowden, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryThe University of VermontDavid I Soybel, MDSection Editor — Upper GI SurgeryEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryChief of Surgical ServicesStuart J Spechler, MDChief, Division of Gastroenterology Co-Director, Center for Esophageal DiseasesBaylor University Medical Center at DallasInvestigator/ProfessorCo-Director, Center for Esophageal ResearchBaylor Scott and White Research InstituteJacqueline Speed, MDNorth Shore Physicians GroupDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityPhilippe E Spiess, MD, MS, FRCSCProfessorAssistant chief of surgeryMoffitt Cancer CenterThe University of South FloridaDanielle A Stamm, RN, MSN, FNP-BCClinical Coordinator and Lead Advanced Practice NurseCenter for Advanced Intestinal RehabilitationBoston Children's HospitalNancy Stanwood, MD, MPH, FACOG, FSFPChief Medical Officer, Planned Parenthood of Southern New EnglandClinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale UniversityMichael P Stany, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterDepartment of Gynecologic OncologySt. Thomas Midtown HospitalF Bruder Stapleton, MDEditor-in-Chief — PediatricsSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor and Chair, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicinePaul Stark, MDProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoGraeme S Steele, MBBCh, FCSAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolScott R Steele, MD, MBA, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityChairman, Department of Colorectal SurgeryCleveland ClinicJennifer A Stein, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of DermatologyNYU School of MedicineSharon L Stein, MD, FACS, FASCRSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity Hospitals/Case Medical CenterJody Steinauer, MD, MAS, PhDSection Editor — Family PlanningProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoTheodore I Steinman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKerstin M Stenson, MD, FACSProfessor of OtolaryngologyChief, Head and Neck Cancer Program, Rush University Medical CenterDepartment of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryCourtney D Stephenson, DO, FACOGClinical ProfessorUNC Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Maternal-Fetal MedicineFetal InterventionCora N Sternberg, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineClinical Director of the Englander Institute for Precision MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineHematology/OncologyRichard H Sterns, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryJennifer P Stevens, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTyler Stevens, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCleveland ClinicBarclay T Stewart, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Surgery, University of Washington Core Faculty, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research CenterDavid B Stewart, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor and Division Chief, General SurgerySouthern Illinois UniversityShelby J Stewart, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland Medical SystemSandra Stinnett, MDAssistant ProfessorDirector, Division of LaryngologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterNathaniel Stoikes, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterJoanne Stone, MDDirectorDivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineProfessorMount Sinai Medical SchoolJohn H Stone, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThe Edward A Fox Chair in Medicine Director of Clinical RheumatologyMassachusetts General HospitalMichael D Stone, MDChairman of SurgeryStamford HospitalPatrick Stone, MD, FACS, RVT, RPVIProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Vascular SurgeryVanderbilt UniversityThomas G Stovall, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of TennesseeLisa Strate, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington Medical SchoolRobert J Stratta, MDProfessor of Surgery, Director of TransplantationWake Forest School of MedicineMatt Strickland, MD, MBA, FRCSCAssistant ProfessorTrauma Surgery and General SurgeryRoyal Alexandra Hospital, University of AlbertaJonathan R Strosberg, MDProfessorDepartment of Gastrointestinal OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterJared Strote, MD, MSProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of WashingtonKeith E Stuart, MDVice Chair, Hematology and Oncology Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine,Tufts University School of MedicineJason R Stubbs, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Nephrology & HypertensionUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterTodd Stultz, DDS, MDStaff, Section of NeuroradiologyImaging InstituteCleveland ClinicFrederick J Suchy, MD, FAASLDSenior Research StrategistChildren’s Hospital Colorado Research InstituteProfessor of Pediatrics, Associate Dean for Child Health ResearchUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineChristopher L Sudduth, MDBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of Plastic and Oral SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolSonia L Sugg, MDProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineRyan J Sullivan, MDMassachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical SchoolShelby Sullivan, MD, FASGE, FACGAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineBauer Sumpio, MD, PhDProfessor of Surgery, Medicine, and RadiologyYale UniversityArief Suriawinata, MDProfessor of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthMartin I Surks, MDProfessor of Medicine and PathologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNijasri Charnnarong Suwanwela, MDProfessor of NeurologyChulalongkorn University Medical SchoolHans Sviggum, MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiaMayo ClinicScott Swanson, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolSusan Swetter, MDProfessor of DermatologyDirector, Pigmented Lesion & Melanoma ProgramPhysician Leader, Cancer Care Program in Cutaneous OncologyStanford University Medical Center and Cancer Institute/VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemChristopher Szabo, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical AnesthesiologyYale School of MedicineHarold Szerlip, MD, FACP, FCCP, FASN, FNKFClinical Professor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaAdjunct Professor of MedicineTexas College of Osteopathic MedicineSamuel Szomstein, MD, FACS, FASMBSAssociate Director, The Bariatric Institute and Division of Minimally Invasive SurgeryDirector, Advance MIS and Bariatrics Fellowship ProgramCleveland Clinic WestonClinical Associate Professor of Surgery, Florida International UniversityAlphonse Taghian, MD, PhDProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolPatricia Tai, MB, BSClinical OncologistProfessor, University of SaskatchewanCanada Department of Radiation Oncology, Allan Blair Cancer CenterHonorary Professor, Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, ChinaKenneth K Tanabe, MDSection Editor — Gastrointestinal MalignanciesProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolPuneeta Tandon, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alberta, CanadaMary-Ellen Taplin, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRobert C Tasker, MBBS, MDProfessor of Neurology and Anaesthesia (Pediatrics)Harvard Medical SchoolGeorge A Taylor, MDJohn A Kirkpatrick Professor Emeritus of Radiology (Pediatrics)Harvard Medical SchoolNicholas P Taylor, MDSection Chief of Gynecologic OncologySt. Lukes HospitalTemple UniversitySharonda A Taylor, MD, FAAP, FSAHM, Dipl. of ABOMAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine, and Sports MedicineSection Medical Director, Teens Working on Wellness Adolescent Weight Management Clinic Director, Pediatric Obesity Elective Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's HospitalTheodoros N Teknos, MDPresident and Scientific Director, Seidman Cancer CenterUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterDana Telem, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of MichiganDavid A Tendler, MDAssistant Consulting Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityMayer Tenenhaus, MD, FACSProfessor of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity of California at San Diego Medical CenterStephen Textor, MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MinnesotaArthur C Theodore, MDClinical Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineTonya N Thomas, MDAssociate Staff in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive SurgeryCenter for Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive SurgeryObstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health InstituteCleveland ClinicKevin Thornton, MDClinical ProfessorUniversity of California San Francisco School of MedicineNirav C Thosani, MD, MHAThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Director, Interventional Gastroenterology, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical CenterChandrashekhar Thukral, MD, PhDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Illinois, College of Medicine at RockfordAndrea R Thurman, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyCONRAD Clinical Research CenterEastern Virginia Medical SchoolAaron Tobian, MD, PhDSection Editor — Transfusion MedicineProfessor of Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology Director, Transfusion Medicine DivisionSchool of Medicine Bloomberg School of Public Health The Johns Hopkins UniversityMarc R Toglia, MDDirector, Urogynecology Associates of PhiladelphiaChief, Division of Urogynecology - Mainline HospitalsAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyThomas Jefferson School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PASharon Tollin, PhD, ARNP, AOCNPNurse PractitionerLifetime Cancer Screening & Prevention CenterSpencer Tomberg, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Emergency MedicineDenver Health Medical Center/University of Colorado School of MedicineMark Topazian, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Digestive DiseaseMayo ClinicEmanuel C Trabuco, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of UrogynecologyMayo ClinicGeorge Triadafilopoulos, MDClinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineAndrea Tringali, MD, PhDAssistant professorUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyPauline T Truong, MDCMClinical Professor of Radiation OncologyUniversity of British ColumbiaCanadaHensin Tsao, MD, PhDSection Editor — Melanocytic Lesions and Disorders of PigmentationProfessor of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolJennifer F Tseng, MD, MPHUtley Professor of Surgery and Chair, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of MedicineSurgeon-in-Chief, Boston Medical CenterWilliam Tseng, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryDepartment of Surgery, Division of Surgical OncologyCity of Hope National Medical CenterBetty J Tsuei, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of CincinnatiNaiwen D Tu, MDPediatricianTexas Children's Pediatrics - Pediatric Medical GroupTogas Tulandi, MD, MHCM, FRCSC, FACOG, FCAHSProfessor and Chair of Obstetrics and GynecologyMilton Leong Chair in Reproductive MedicineMcGill University, CanadaTanya N Turan, MD, MSCRProfessor of NeurologyMedical University of South CarolinaR Michael Tuttle, MDProfessor of MedicineMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterDouglas Tyler, MDChairDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonLynne Uhl, MDSection Editor — Transfusion MedicineAssociate Professor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolAmanda J Ullman, RN, PhDProfessor and Chair in Paediatric NursingThe University of Queensland and Children's Health QueenslandRenuka Umashanker, MDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineAugusto Vaglio, MD, PhDNephrology UnitMeyer Children's HospitalAssociate Professor of NephrologyUniversity of FlorenceNimish B Vakil, MD, AGAF, FACP, FACG, FASGEClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthFidel A Valea, MDProfessorZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra UniversitySystem Chief of Gynecologic OncologyNorthwell Health Cancer InstituteEric Vallières, MD, FRCSCSection Editor — Lung CancerSurgical Director of the Lung Cancer ProgramSwedish Cancer InstituteFoke van Delft, MD, FEBGHDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSanne M van der Kooij, MD, PhDGynaecologistNoordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Den HelderCatherine Van Poznak, MDAssociate Professor Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganDonald Vander Griend, PhDAssociate Professor of PathologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoShyam Varadarajulu, MDMedical Director, Center for Interventional EndoscopyProfessor of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of MedicineMadhulika G Varma, MDProfessor and ChiefSection of Colorectal SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoMonica S Vavilala, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSanthi Swaroop Vege, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicAdrian Vella, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineShambhavi Venkataraman, MDChief of Breast Imaging, UMass Memorial Health Alliance-Clinton HospitalAssistant Professor, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Medical CenterAlan P Venook, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoPaolo Vercellini, MDProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Milan, ItalyAllison Vidimos, MDChairman, Department of DermatologyVice Chairman, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery InstituteCleveland ClinicAnthony J Viera, MD, MPHProfessor and Chair, Family Medicine and Community HealthDuke University School of MedicinePhilippe Vignon, MD, PhDProfessor of Critical Care MedicineMedical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitTeaching Hospital of Limoges, FranceXavier Villa, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition at Marshall UniversityNghia "Jack" Vo, MDProfessor of Radiology, Chief of Pediatric RadiologyMedical College of Wisconsin and Children's WisconsinPediatric Diagnostic and Vascular Interventional RadiologistBryan Voelzke, MD, MS, FACSAssociate Clinical ProfessorElson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State UniversityJon D Vogel, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of ColoradoCharles M Vollmer, Jr, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineWillis H Wagner, MDProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Vascular SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterJoyce A Wahr, MD, FAHASection Editor — Patient Safety and Offsite Anesthetic LocationsProfessor of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Minnesota Health SciencesEllen R Wald, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthAllan Walkey, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineThe Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of MedicineRobin Wallace, MD, MASCampus Health Services, University of North CarolinaPlanned Parenthood South AtlanticManfred Wallner, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine IVSection of NephrologyKlinikum Wels-Grieskirchen - Wels, AustriaMark D Walters, MDProfessor of SurgeryUrogynecology and Pelvic Floor DisordersObstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health InstituteCleveland ClinicGrace J Wang, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaTracy S Wang, MD, MPHProfessor of SurgeryChief, Section of Endocrine SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinJohn F Ward, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgery,Department of Urology,MD Anderson Cancer CenterSamuel L Washington III, MD, MASAssistant Professor University of California, San FranciscoAri J Wassner, MDMedical Director, Thyroid Center, Boston Children's HospitalAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDonald L Weaver, MDProfessor of PathologyUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineDavid J Weber, MD, MPHProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Public HealthJon O Wee, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolHarrison G Weed, MS, MD, FACPProfessor of Internal MedicineDepartment of General Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineSven Wehner, PhDProfessor of Immune PathophysiologyUniversity Medical Center, BonnMelissa Weinberg, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSteven E Weinberger, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineExecutive Vice President and CEO EmeritusAmerican College of PhysiciansSaul N Weingart, MD, PhDPresident, Rhode Island HospitalGerald L Weinhouse, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAmy C Weintrob, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineThe George Washington University and Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBarry D Weiss, MDProfessor of Family & Community MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineMarnie B Welch, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterCorrine K Welt, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineHoward (Jack) West, MDSection Editor — Lung CancerAssociate Clinical ProfessorCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarte, CAAntonio C Westphalen, MD, PhDProfessor of Radiology, Urology, and Radiation OncologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineChristopher Whinney, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineDouglas B White, MD, MASVice Chair and Professor of Critical Care Medicine; Director, Program on Ethics and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMaria Widmar, MD, MPHAttending Surgeon, Colorectal ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterShelley Wiechman, PhDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonMaurits J Wiersema, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineFredrick M Wigley, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineArek Wiktor, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryBurn, Trauma, Critical CareUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineHans Wildiers, MD, PhDDepartment of General Medical OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, BelgiumMultidisciplinary Breast CenterUniversity Hospitals Leuven, BelgiumChristopher G Willett, MDSection Editor — Radiation TherapyProfessorDuke University Medical SchoolFelicia N Williams, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillMallory Williams, MD, MPH, FACSProfessor of SurgeryHoward University College of MedicineChristina A Wilson, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of NeurologyUniversity of FloridaYvonne Wilson, MB, ChB, FRCS (PLAST)Consultant Plastic and Burns SurgeonBirmingham Women's and Children's NHS TrustStephan Windecker, MDSection Editor — Coronary Heart DiseaseProfessor of MedicineDepartment of CardiologyBern University HospitalBeverly Winikoff, MD, MPHPresident, Gynuity Health ProjectsProfessor of Clinical Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia UniversityJulie M Winkle, MD, FACEP, FCCMAssociate ProfessorDepartments of Emergency Medicine Department of Anesthesia Critical CareUniversity of ColoradoHarland S Winter, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMax Wohlauer, MD, RPVIAssistant Professor of SurgeryMedical Director Vascular Lab, University of Colorado School of MedicineDepartment of Surgery, Division of Vascular SurgeryBruce Wolfe, MDProfessor of SurgeryOregon Health and Sciences UniversityKatherine H Wolpert, MDAssistant Clinical ProfessorDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineBenjamin Wong, DSc, MD, PhDHonorary Clinical ProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Hong KongCynthia A Wong, MDProfessor of AnesthesiaUniversity of Iowa HealthcareJohn B Wong, MDChief, Division of Clinical Decision MakingProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJoyce Wong, MDSurgical OncologistKaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic RegionJulia S Wong, MDAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolLouis-Michel Wong Kee Song, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineKaren Woo, MDAssociate ProfessorUCLA Division of Vascular SurgeryGeorge A Woodward, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineFrancis P Worden, MDProfessorDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of MichiganCameron D Wright, MDDivision of Thoracic SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalJonathan L Wright, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of UrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineAffiliate InvestigatorFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterMichael J Wright, MBChB, MScConsultant in Clinical GeneticsNorthern Genetics ServiceNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustJulian K Wu, MDProfessor of NeurosurgeryTufts University School of MedicineLeslie Wu, MDSurgical AttendingMaine Medical Center and Mercy HospitalPeggy A Wu, MDAssociate Professor of DermatologyUniversity of California, DavisShadi Yaghi, MD, FAHAProfessor of Neurology and Vascular Neurology Division ChiefThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityAmmar Yamani, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyBaylor College of MedicineHideko Yamauchi, MDAdjunct InstructorDepartment of Breast and Endocrine Surgery,Juntendo University School of MedicineDirector of Breast Surgical OncologyBreast CenterSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyo, JapanXiming J Yang, MD, PhDMary A. Fleming Professor of PathologyChief of Urologic Pathology Northwestern Memorial HospitalNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineSri G Yarlagadda, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKazuhiro Yasuf*cku, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoDaniel Dante Yeh, MD, MHPE, FACS, FCCM, FASPENProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of MiamiRyder Trauma CenterDepartment of Surgery, Division of TraumaTina WF Yen, MD, MSProfessor of SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinJenny H Yiee, MDAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California, UrvineLinwah Yip, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineSue S Yom, MD, PhD, MASProfessor, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California, San Francisco School of MedicineHidemasa Yoneda, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Hand SurgeryNagoya UniversityHarry H Yoon, MD, MHSProfessor of OncologyCo-Chair, Esophageal/Gastric Cancer Disease GroupMayo ClinicHoussam K Younes, MD, FACS, FSVSChairman, Vascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Abu DhabiClinical Associate ProfessorCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Michael P Young, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Nevada at Reno School of MedicineWilliam F Young, Jr, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineAlan S L Yu, MB, BChirHarry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterWen-Liang Yu, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineChi-Mei Medical Center, TaiwanShan Yuan, MDAssociate ProfessorCity of HopeTheodore H Yuo, MD, MScAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineKimon C Zachary, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSalam F Zakko, MD, FACP, AGAFExecutive Director, Connecticut Clinical Research InstituteMedical Director, Connecticut Gastroenterology InstituteConsultant Gastroenterologist, Connecticut GIClinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of MedicineWisam F Zakko, MDGastroenterology Institute of Fort LauderdaleRichard D Zane, MDSection Editor — Emergency Medical Services/Disaster MedicineProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJames L Zehnder, MDProfessor of Pathology and Medicine (Hematology)Stanford University School of MedicineMark L Zeidel, MDHermann L. Blumgart Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School Physician-in-Chief and ChairDepartment of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterJoseph Zenga, MDAssistant ProfessorMedical College of WisconsinDafang Zhang, MDInstructor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolLee C Zhao, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Urology and Plastic SurgeryNew York University School of MedicineNYU Langone HealthMing Zhou, MD, PhDChair and Pathologist-in-ChiefDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTufts Medical CenterChairDepartment of Anatomic and Clinical PathologyTufts University School of MedicineJunya Zhu, PhD, MS, MADirector of Health ProgramsYale-China AssociationNaamah Zitomersky, MDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolPediatric Gastroenterologist, IBD Center, Boston Children's HospitalEugene Zolotarevsky, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorMichigan State University, College of Human MedicineBrian Zuckerbraun, MD, FACSHenry T. Bahnson Professor of SurgeryChief, Division of General and Trauma SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghAttending SurgeonUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center andVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburgh, PAPeer ReviewersShahram Aarabi, MD, MPHTrauma and Vascular SurgeryUniversity of California at San FranciscoAhsan Ali, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesMichael Allon, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamSaman Arbabi, MD, MPH, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonDavid G Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhDProfessor of Surgery and DirectorSouthwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaAdam W Beck, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamSarah L Berga, MDProfessor and ChairDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, SUNYAnatole Besarab, MDProfessor of MedicineWest Virginia University School of MedicineBev J Biller, BSN, RN, CWOCNNurseTufts University Medical CenterJames H Black, III, MDChief of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyJohns Hopkins HospitalLudwik K Branski, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Texas Medical BranchAlan C Braverman, MDAlumni Endowed Professor in Cardiovascular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineDirector, Marfan Syndrome and Aortopathy ClinicDirector, Inpatient Cardiology FirmRuth Bush, MDProfessor of Medicine and SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineDeputy Director, Center for Innovations, Quality, Effectiveness, and SafetyMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical CenterShamus R Carr, MD, FACSThoracic Surgeon and Research PhysicianBethesda, MDChristopher G Carsten, III, MDClinical Professor of SurgeryUniversity of SC School of Medicine, GreenvilleVascular Surgery Fellowship Program DirectorPrisma Health SystemRabih A Chaer, MDProfessor of SurgeryThe University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineGeorge J Chang, MD, MSAssistant Professor, Surgical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterJayer Chung, MD, MScAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineKevin C Chung, MD, MSChief of Hand SurgeryCharles B.G de Nancrede Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Health SystemDaniel Clair, MDProfessor and Chair, Department of Vascular SurgeryVanderbilt University Medical CenterThomas E Clancy, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMark W Clemens, MD, FACSAssociate Professor, Plastic SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer Center, University of TexasAmalia Cochran, MD, FACS, FCCMSection Editor — Basic surgical principlesProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of FloridaJoseph J Cullen, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineDavid L Dawson, MDClinical ProfessorTexas A&M University College of MedicineMarc de Moya, MD, FACSChief of Trauma, Acute Care SurgeryAssociate Professor of SurgeryMedical College of Wisconsin/Froedtert Trauma CenterScott DeRoo, MDAssistant Professor of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonCraig Donaldson, MDChairman, Department of SurgeryMetroWest Medical CenterRobert T Eberhardt, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and SurgeryBoston University School of MedicineMark A Farber, MDProfessor of Surgery and RadiologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineRobert J Feezor, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of FloridaAlessandro Fichera, MD, FACS, FASCRSClinical Professor of Medical EducationTexas A&M UniversityKevin N Foster, MD, MBA, FACSDirectorArizona Burn CenterMaricopa Integrated Health SystemsErica Friedman, MD, MSAssistant Professor of SurgeryNYU School of MedicineMichael E Friscia, MDClinical Associate ProfessorTemple University School of MedicineLuke Funk, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of WisconsinKelly A Garrett, MDWeill Cornell Medical College/NY Presbyterian HospitalJennifer Suzanne Gass, MD, FACSChief of SurgeryBreast Fellowship DirectorProgram in Women’s OncologyWomen and Infants’ HospitalAssociate Professor of Surgery Associate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyJoel D Glickman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMark S Granick, MD, FACSProfessor of Surgery (Plastic)Medical Director of the University Hospital Wound CenterRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolTraci L Hedrick, MD, MS, FACS, FACRSAssociate Professor of SurgeryChief, Division of General SurgeryVice Chair of Clinical Operations, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia HealthPeter Henke, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of MichiganRichard A Hodin, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolSteven J Hudak, MDAssociate Professor of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterDaniel H Hunt, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJennifer L Irani, MDInstructor in SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolShaneeta M Johnson, MDProfessor of SurgeryMorehouse School of MedicineDouglas W Jones, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Vascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical CenterLowell S Kabnick, MD, RPhS, FACS, FACPhDirector of Clinical OperationsUnited Vein And Vascular CentersRyan D Katz, MD, FACSAttending SurgeonThe Curtis National Hand CenterBaltimore, MDTimothy F Kresowik, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineHenry Kuerer, MDProfessor of SurgeryThe University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterRon G Landmann, MDChief, Division of Colon & Rectal SurgeryBaptist MD Anderson Cancer CenterGregory Landry, MDMedical Director of Vascular SurgeryKootenai Clinic, Coeur d'Alene, IDRene D Largo, MDAssistant Professor of Plastic SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterChristine Laronga, MD, FACSProfessorMoffitt Cancer Center, University of South FloridaSang Lee, MD, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaKeck School of MedicineSteven Lee-Kong, MDAssistant ProfessorColumbia University Medical CenterMike K Liang, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of HoustonTimothy K Liem, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryOregon Health & Science UniversityRobert B Lim, MD, FACS, FASMBSVice Chair of EducationOklahoma University-Physicians TulsaProfessor of SurgeryOklahoma University School of Medicine TulsaSimon A Mahler, MD, MSProfessor of Emergency MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineJeffrey Marks, MDSection Editor — Minimally Invasive SurgeryProfessor of SurgeryUniversity HospitalsCase Medical CenterLinda W Martin, MD, MPH, FCCP, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Virginia Health SystemJoseph P Martinez, MDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineKelly L McCoy, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of Surgery, Section of Endocrine SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghC Lindsay McKnight, MD, CNSCAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Tennessee Medical Center, KnoxvilleMatthew Mell, MD, MS, FACSProfessor and Chief, Division of Vascular SurgeryMedical Director, UC Davis Vascular CenterJason S Mizell, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesGreg Moneta, MDProfessor and Chief, Vascular SurgeryOregon Health and Science UniversityFaina Nakhlis, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalDana Farber Cancer InstituteMayur Narayan, MD, MPH, MBA, MHPE, FACS, FCCM, FICSAssociate ProfessorDirector, Skills Acquisition & Innovation LaboratoryAssociate Program Director, Surgical Critical Care FellowshipWeill Cornell MedicineDivision of Trauma, Burns, Critical and Acute CareNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical CenterGarrett M Nash, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryWeill-Cornell Medical CollegeLeigh Neumayer, MD, FACSProfessor and ChairDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Florida JacksonvilleBrant K Oelschlager, MDProfessor, Department of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonWarner A Oldenburg, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineDennis P Orgill, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolSusan L Orloff, MDProfessor of SurgeryOregon Health & Science UniversityMohamed O Othman, MDProfessor of Medicine - Gastroenterology SectionBaylor College of MedicineJay D Pal, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonAnthony Papp, MD, PhD, FRCSCMedical Director, BC Professional Firefighters' Burn UnitVancouver General HospitalClinical Professor, University of British ColumbiaSareh Parangi, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMarc A Passman, MDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamEric M Pauli, MDDavid L Nahrwold Professor of SurgeryPenn State Hershey Medical CenterGregory Pearl, MDProfessor of SurgeryTexas A&M Health Sciences CenterChief, Division of Vascular SurgeryBaylor University Medical CenterClayton C Petro, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryLerner College of MedicineCleveland Clinic Center for Abdominal Core HealthP Terry Phang, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of British Columbia St Paul's HospitalHerb A Phelan, MD, MSCSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Burns/Trauma/Critical CareUT Southwestern Medical CenterParkland Memorial HospitalAjita Prabhu, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineDavid I Quinn, MBBS (Hons I), PhD, FRACP, FACPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Norris Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineErika L Rangel, MD, MSAssociate SurgeonClinical InstructorHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel P Raymond, MDThoracic SurgeonThe Cleveland ClinicDavid Rea, MDAssociate Consultant – ClinicalMayo Clinic Graduate School of MedicineHoward A Reber, MDProfessor of SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLADavid E Rivadeneira, MD, MBA, FACS, FASCRSProfessor of SurgeryHofstra University School of MedicineRussel J Roberts, PharmD, FCCM, BCCCPClinical ManagerCardiology, Cardiac Critical Care, Pediatrics and Transplant ServicesMassachusetts General HospitalFlavio G Rocha, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryOregon Health and Science UniversityClaus G Roehrborn, MDProfessor and ChairDepartment of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at DallasAlan D Rogers, MBChB, FC Plast Surg, MMed, FRCSI, MSc, FACSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of TorontoAttending Plastic SurgeonRoss Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreMatthew R Rosengart, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Surgery/Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghMarsha Ryan, MD, JD, FACSAdjunct Professor, School of LawSouthern Illinois UniversityAndres Schanzer, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolMark V Schaverien, MBChB, MD, MSc, MEd, FRCS (Plast)Assistant Professor of Plastic SurgeryThe University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterMarc Schermerhorn, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBradley Schiff, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineShahriar Shahrokhi, MD, FRCSC, FACSSurgeon, Ross Tilley Burn CentreSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreAssistant Professor, University of TorontoDepartment of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryBettina Siewert, MDHarvard Medical SchoolJohn Skibber, MDProfessor of SurgeryMD Anderson Cancer CenterDavid I Soybel, MDSection Editor — Upper GI SurgeryEditor-in-Chief — General SurgeryChief of Surgical ServicesValerie L Staradub, MD, FACSBreast SurgeonHelen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research InstituteShelby J Stewart, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity of Maryland Medical SystemMartin V Taormina, MD, FACSVascular and Endovascular SurgeryDurham, North CarolinaAli Tavakkoli, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolCallie Thompson, MD, FACSAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Utah Burn CenterTushar Vachharajani, MD, FASN, FACPDirector of Global NephrologyGlickman Urological & Kidney InstituteCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OHJean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryThe University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer CenterPaul Wade Wennberg, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMayo ClinicRochester, MNAntonio C Wolff, MD, FACPProfessor of OncologyThe Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsFiona Wood, MDWinthrop ProfessorUniversity of Western AustraliaTina WF Yen, MD, MSProfessor of SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinHoussam K Younes, MD, FACS, FSVSChairman, Vascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Abu DhabiClinical Associate ProfessorCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Theodore H Yuo, MD, MScAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMichael E Zenilman, MDChair, Department of SurgeryNew York Presbyterian-Brooklyn Methodist HospitalProfessor of SurgeryWeill Cornell Medicine

CloseAuthors and Editors in Infectious DiseasesAuthors and Editors in Infectious DiseasesEditors-in-ChiefStephen B Calderwood, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthDeputy EditorsElinor L Baron, MD, DTMHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAllyson Bloom, MDDirector, Editorial Training — UpToDateSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMilana Bogorodskaya, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesPhysicianAllinaHealthSheila Bond, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKeri K Hall, MD, MSDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesJennifer Mitty, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Associate Professor of MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversitySection EditorsJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJohn A Bartlett, MDSection Editor — Global HealthProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical Center, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineEmily A Blumberg, MDSection Editor — Infections in Solid Organ TransplantationProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaMichael Boeckh, MDSection Editor — Compromised Host InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonEric Bow, MDSection Editor – Compromised Host InfectionsProfessorThe University of ManitobaStephen B Calderwood, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolJohanna Daily, MD, MScSection Editor — MalariaProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRafael Esteban, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis BProfessor of MedicineHospital General Valle HebrónThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRoy M Gulick, MD, MPHSection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid C Hooper, MDSection Editor — Antimicrobial DrugsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnthony L Komaroff, MDSection Editor — General MedicineSimcox-Clifford-Higby Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior PhysicianBrigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MAKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityFranklin D Lowy, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor Emeritus of Medicine and Pathology & Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityJeanne Marrazzo, MD, MPH, FACP, FIDSASection Editor — Sexually Transmitted InfectionsProfessor and ChiefUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineLynne M Mofenson, MDSection Editor — HIV and PregnancySenior HIV Technical AdvisorElizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS FoundationTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalMary E Paul, MDSection Editor — Pediatric HIV InfectionAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineJulio A Ramirez, MD, FACPSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityAllen C Steere, MDSection Editor — Lyme DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid L Thomas, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis/HIV CoinfectionDivision ChiefJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAllan R Tunkel, MD, PhD, MACPSection Editor — Central Nervous System InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityC Fordham von Reyn, MDSection Editor — Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthMichael R Wessels, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsJohn F Enders Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEditorial AssistantsBrogan Calkins, BSContent Editing CoordinatorEmily Palmer, BASenior Content Editing AssociateAshley TrotterContent Editing Associate ─ UpToDateAuthorsOssama Abbas, MDProfessorDepartment of DermatologyAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterIain J Abbott, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAInfectious Diseases Physician & Clinical MicrobiologistAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical School and Monash UniversityJudith A Aberg, MDChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesGeorge Baehr Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiHassan Abolhassani, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Karolinska InstitutetDistinguished Honorary Professor Tehran University of Medical SciencesDavid M Aboulafia, MDSection Editor — AIDS-Related MalignanciesSection HeadDivision of Hematology and OncologyVirginia Mason Medical CenterClinical ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonSeattle WashingtonClara Abraham, MDProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityElaine J Abrams, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyColumbia UniversitySteven A Abrams, MDSection Editor — NeonatologyProfessor, Department of PediatricsDell Medical School at the University of Texas at AustinHarry Acquatella, MD, FACC, FAHAProfessor of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaAmesh A Adalja, MD, FACP, FACEP, FIDSASenior ScholarJohns Hopkins Center for Health SecurityLisa V Adams, MDAssociate ProfessorGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthNezam H Afdhal, MD, FRCPIChief of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterRabia Agha, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNabil M Ahmed, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineVineet Ahuja, MD, DMProfessor of GastroenterologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesWei Ai, MD, PhDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoPraveen Akuthota, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California, San DiegoMary A Albrecht, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBarbara D Alexander, MD, MHSProfessor of Medicine and Pathology Duke University School of MedicineIrene Alexandraki, MD, MPHSGIM Peer ReviewerSenior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine - PhoenixAndrew F Alexis, MD, MPHSection Editor — Skin of ColorProfessorWeill Cornell MedicineTarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineCatherine K Allan, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolCoburn H Allen, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Dell Medical SchoolBan M Allos, MDAssistant ProfessorVanderbilt University School of MedicineNamasivayam Ambalavanan, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamNeil M Ampel, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaSupplemental ConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaElias Anaissie, MDMedical DirectorCTI Clinical Trial & Consulting ServicesDeverick J Anderson, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJason Andrews, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineInfectious DiseasesStanford MedicineRajesh Aneja, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEmanuele Angelucci, MDHead, Hematology and Transplant UnitIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, GenovaNicholas M Anstey, MBBS, FRACP, PhDInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Darwin Hospital and Menzies School of Health ResearchPatrick J Antonelli, MDGeorge T. Singleton Professor & Chief, Division of Otology University of FloridaAnelechi Anyanwu, MDProfessor and Vice-Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NYValeria Aoki, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of DermatologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolMichael Apicella, MDEmeritus Professor of Microbiology and Internal MedicineThe University of IowaBrian S Appleby, MDDirector, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineDepartments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterMichael D Apstein, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven M Archer, MDProfessorUniversity of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKevin L Ard, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolCesar A Arias, MD, PhDProfessor and Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesHouston Methodist HospitalDavid G Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhDProfessor of Surgery and DirectorSouthwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMark D Aronson, MDEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care (Adult); Hospital MedicineSection Editor — General MedicineProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNaomi Aronson, MDProfessor of MedicineUniformed Services UniversitySanjeev Arora, MD, MACP, FACGDistinguished Professor of MedicineDirector, Project EchoUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAntonio C Arrieta, MD, FIDSA, FPIDSDivision Chief, Infectious Diseases at Children's Hospital of Orange CountyClinical Professor, University of California Irvine Department of PediatricsShai Ashkenazi, MD, MScProfessor of PediatricsAdelson School of Medicine, Ariel UniversityJon C Aster, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolJohn P Atkinson, MDSamuel B Grant Professor of MedicineProfessor of Molecular MicrobiologyDivision of RheumatologyWashington University School of MedicineMichael Auerbach, MD, FACPSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveClinical Professor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicinePaul G Auwaerter, MD, MBA, FIDSASherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAntoine Azar, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineLaura H Bachmann, MD, MPH, FIDSAChief Medical OfficerNational Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB PreventionDivision of STD PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRaffaele Badolato, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of BresciaSeema Baid-Agrawal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineSahlgrenska Medical University, Gothenburg, SwedenJ Kevin Baird, PhDProfessor of MalariologyUniversity of OxfordCarol J Baker, MDProfessor of Pediatrics,McGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center, HoustonJohan S Bakken, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, DuluthZuhair K Ballas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Iowa and Iowa City VAMark Ballow, MDProfessor of PediatricsAll Children's HospitalUniversity of South Florida School of MedicineChantay Banikarim, MD, MPHDirector of Adolescent MedicineSt. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, PhoenixBridget Emily Barber, MBBS, MPH, FRACP, PhDSenior Clinical Research FellowMenzies School of Health ResearchInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalAlan G Barbour, MDProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology & Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California Irvine School of MedicineAlan F Barker, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityElizabeth D Barnett, MDProfessor of PediatricsBoston University School of MedicineElinor L Baron, MD, DTMHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineFrederick E Barr, MD, MBAExecutive Vice PresidentChief Clinical and Academic OfficerArkansas Children's HospitalUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLuis F Barroso, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineWake Forest University, Baptist Medical CenterMiriam Baron Barshak, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolWilliam J Barson, MDProfessor of PediatricsThe Ohio State University College of MedicineRashad S Barsoum, MD, FRCP, FRCPEEmeritus Professor of MedicineKasr El-Aini Medical School, Cairo University, EgyptLuther A Bartelt, MDAssistant ProfessorThe University of North Carolina School of MedicineMargaret C Bash, MD, MPHLaboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides OVRR, CBER US Food and Drug AdministrationLaurence S Baskin, MD, FAAPSection Editor — Pediatric UrologyFrank Hinman, Jr, MD, Distinguished Professorship in Pediatric UrologyChief Pediatric UrologyProfessor of Urology and PediatricsUCSF Benioff Children's HospitalStephen G Baum, MDDistinguished Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, & ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineTheresa Becker, DOAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMedical Director, Pediatric Programs Lahey BeverlyExecutive Network DirectorDivision of Emergency MedicineRichard H Beigi, MD, MScProfessor of Reproductive SciencesUPMC Magee Womens HospitalNoleen Bennett, PhD, MPHAssociate ProfessorInfection Control ConsultantVICNISS Coordinating Centre/National Centre for Antimicrobial StewardshipPeter Doherty Institute for Infections and ImmunityMelbourne School of Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneWilliam M Bennett, MDMedical DirectorLegacy Good Samaritan Transplant ServicesEdward J Benz, Jr, MDRichard and Susan Smith Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolElie Berbari, MD, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineNancy Berliner, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolH Franklin Bunn Professor of Hematology and Chief, Division of Hematology Brigham and Women's HospitalDan Berlowitz, MD, MPHProfessorUniversity of Massachusetts-Lowell Department of Public HealthBonnie L Bermas, MDProfessor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterCaryn Bern, MD, MPHProfessor, Global Health SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoEileen Bernal, MDFaculty SurgeonKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaAssistant Clinical ProfessorHerbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International UniversityKendall Regional Medical CenterMiami, FloridaJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineAnthony Beutler, MDAssociate Medical Director and Program Director, Sports MedicineIntermountain Healthcare, Provo, UTProfessor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University, Bethesda, MDSalman Bhai, MDDirectorNeuromuscular CenterInstitute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineAssistant Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterJanis E Blair, MDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaJack JH Bleesing, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterBenjamin S Bleier, MD, FACS, FARSAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony Bleyer, MD, MSProfessor of Internal Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest University School of MedicineEvan M Bloch, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PathologyAssociate Director, Transfusion MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAllyson Bloom, MDDirector, Editorial Training — UpToDateSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIsaac I Bogoch, MD, DTMH, MSInfectious Diseases SpecialistUniversity Health Network, Toronto General HospitalAssociate ProfessorUniversity of TorontoMilana Bogorodskaya, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesPhysicianAllinaHealthGuy Boivin, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine, Université LavalSheila Bond, MDDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlexandro Bonifaz, MDProfessor and Senior ResearcherHospital General de MéxicoPeter A L Bonis, MDChief Medical Officer of Clinical Effectiveness (UpToDate, Clinical Drug Information, and Emmi Solutions)Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/HepatologyAdjunct Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJulie A Boom, MDProfessorBaylor College of MedicineSuresh B Boppana, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama School of MedicineDavid H Bor, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSusan E Boruchoff, MDProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolMile Bosilkovski, MDClinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile ConditionsProfessor of Infectious DiseasesMedical Faculty, Skopje, Republic of North MacedoniaKaan Boztug, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaConsultant in Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and ImmunologySt. Anna Children's Hospital ViennaRobert W Bradsher, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesMichael T Brady, MDProfessor of PediatricsOhio State University College of MedicineMelinda J Braskett, MDAssistant Professor, Clinical PediatricsDivision of Clinical Immunology and AllergyChildren's Hospital Los AngelesKeck School of Medicine at University of Southern CaliforniaFrancisco Bravo, MDAssociate Professor of Pathology and DermatologyUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaMike Bray, MD, MPHEditor-in-chiefAntiviral ResearchAdjunct ProfessorGeorgetown Medical SchoolJoel G Breman, MD, DTPHSenior Scientist EmeritusFogarty International Center, National Institutes of HealthDaniel C Brennan, MD, FACPEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Kidney TransplantationProfessor of MedicineMedical Director and Co-Director of the Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyJohns Hopkins Medical SchoolCristina Brickman, MD, MSCEAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California, San Francisco*kees Brinkman, MD, PhDProfessorOLVG, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAnnemarie Broderick, MB, BCh, MMedSc, FRCPIAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity College DublinRobert A Brodsky, MDSection Editor — Red Blood Cell DisordersProfessor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins UniversityItzhak Brook, MD, MScAdjunct ProfessorGeorgetown University School of MedicineAaron M Brown, MD, FACEPAssistant Professor University of PittsburghCatherine M Brown, DVM, MSc, MPHState Epidemiologist and State Public Health VeterinarianMassachusetts Department of Public HealthHaywood L Brown, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologySenior Associate Vice President Academic Affairs, USF Health, Vice Dean Faculty AffairsAssociate Dean, Diversity, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South Florida, TampaRobert S Brown, Jr, MD, MPHSection Editor — Liver TransplantationVincent Astor Distinguished Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeAmy Bryant, PhDResearch ProfessorIdaho State UniversityJohn M Burkart, MDSection Editor — DialysisEmeritus Professor of Medicine/NephrologyWake Forest School of MedicineDavid L Burns, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMatthew Burton, PhD, MA, MBBCh, DTM&H, MRCP, FRCOphthProfessor of International Eye HealthWellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Clinical MedicineNicholas BuSaba, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of OtolaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolBeatriz Bustamante, MDHead of Mycology LabTropical Medicine Institute "Alexander von Humboldt"Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaManish J Butte, MD, PhDProfessor and Division ChiefDivision of Immunology, Allergy, and RheumatologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesKelly A Cairns, BPharmClinical PharmacistAlfred HealthMichael S Calderwood, MD, MPHChief Quality OfficerDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthAngela M Caliendo, MD, PhDProfessor and Executive Vice Chair of MedicineBrown UniversityJudith R Campbell, MDProfessor of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesBaylor College of MedicinePablo E Campos, MD, MPHInvestigatorInvestigaciones Medicas en SaludFabio Candotti, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Joseph B Cantey, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioThomas Carpenter, MDProfessor of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)Professor of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineCorey Casper, MD, MPHPresident and Chief Executive OfficerInfectious Diseases Research InstituteClinical Professor of Medicine and Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonAffiliate MemberFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterMichelle S Cespedes, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMariam R Chacko, MDDistinguished Professor EmeritusDepartments of Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine and Obstetrics & GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineStephen T Chambers, MB ChB, MSc, MD, FRACPProfessor, Department of PathologyUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchTak-Mao Chan, MD, DSc, FRCPChair Professor & Yu Chiu Kwong Endowed Professor in MedicineUniversity of Hong KongJason Chang Pik Eu, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Gastroenterology & HepatologySingapore General HospitalAssociate ProfessorDuke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeArlene B Chapman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineRichelle C Charles, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTalal Chatila, MDDenise and David Bunning Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolThe Boston Children's HospitalPradip P Chaudhari, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaDivision of Emergency & Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesMelvin D Cheitlin, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoAntonia F Chen, MD, MBADirector of Research, Arthroplasty ServicesBrigham and Women's HospitalAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolKatherine T Chen, MD, MPHProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive ScienceProfessor of Medical EducationIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiSharon Chen, PhD, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAClinical ProfessorSydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyDaniel S Chertow, MD, MPHCAPT USPHSInvestigatorNIH Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAIDIvan K Chinn, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalChristine S Cho, MD, MPH, MEdAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsKeck School of Medicine of University of Southern CaliforniaChildren's Hospital Los AngelesAmit Chopra, MDProfessor of Medicine, Associate Director of Pulmonary FellowshipDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Albany Medical CenterSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalAnthony W Chow, MD, FRCPC, FACPProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVivian H Chu, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterAntonio A T Chuh, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorJC School of Public HealthThe Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Hospital Hong KongKevin C Chung, MD, MSChief of Hand SurgeryCharles B.G de Nancrede Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Health SystemNina M Clark, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of Infectious DiseasesLoyola University Medical CenterMeredith Clement, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistAssistant ProfessorLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New OrleansDennis A Clements, MD, PhD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsDuke UniversityJoannes Clerinx, MD, DTMInstitute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpDavid B Clifford, MDMelba and Forest Seay Professor of Clinical Neuropharmacology in NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisThomas D Coates, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineRebecca Cogswell, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaLauren Cohee, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJeffrey I Cohen, MDNational Institutes of HealthMark L Cohen, MDCo-Director, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineProfessor of Pathology & NeurologyUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterMyron S Cohen, MDProfessor of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology and Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillArnaldo L Colombo, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesHead, Special Mycology LaboratoryFederal University of São PauloPaul Cornia, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSylvia F Costa, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Division of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterScott J Cotler, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of HepatologyLoyola University Medical CenterMorton J Cowan, MDEmeritus Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplant DivisionUniversity of California, San FranciscoGary M Cox, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJ Thomas Cox, MDPast-PresidentAmerican Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP)Jonathan Crews, MD, MSAssistant Professor - Pediatrics Infectious DiseasesBaylor College of MedicineJames E Crowe, Jr, MDDirectorVanderbilt Vaccine CenterProfessorVanderbilt University Medical CenterAndrea T Cruz, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAdam Cuker, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Pathology & Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaCharlotte Cunningham-Rundles, MD, PhDDavid S Gottesman Professor of ImmunologyMount Sinai School of MedicineBlanche Cupido, MBChB, FCP, Cert CardioCardiology ConsultantUniversity of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital and Hatter InstituteGary C Curhan, MD, ScDSection Editor — Chronic Kidney DiseaseEditor-in-Chief EmeritusClinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBart Currie, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Darwin Hospital and Menzies School of Health ResearchJudith S Currier, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesBarbara H Curtis, CNM, MSNMassachusetts General HospitalSusan Cu-Uvin, MDProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and MedicineBrown UniversityEric S Daar, MDProfessor of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAMara Dacso, MD, MSAssistant Professor of DermatologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterJohanna Daily, MD, MScSection Editor — MalariaProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineCharles L Daley, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthReza Dana, MD, MPH, MScClaes Dohlman Professor of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolJasmeen Dara, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoDemetre C Daskalakis, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiJoshua Davis, PhD, MBBS, FRACPInfectious Diseases Physician and ProfessorSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of NewcastleNSW, AustraliaNick Day, DM, FRCPProfessor of Tropical MedicineUniversity of OxfordRichard J de Asla, MDOrthopedic ConsultantMassachusetts General HospitalInstructorHarvard Medical SchoolNirupama K De Silva, MDClinical ProfessorUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterMalcolm R DeBaun, MDOrthopedic Surgery ResidentStanford University School of MedicineMichael R DeBaun, MD, MPHSection Editor — Red Cell DisordersProfessor of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJohn F Deeken, MDProfessorVirginia Commonwealth UniversityPresidentInova Schar Cancer InstituteAlfred DeMaria, Jr, MDMedical and Laboratory ConsultantMassachusetts Department of Public HealthGail J Demmler-Harrison, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineLynette Denny, MD, PhDProfessor Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Cape TownGroote Schuur HospitalDirector of South African Medical Research CouncilGynaecology Cancer Research CentreRichard Derby, MDPrimary Care Sports Medicine HSHS Medical Group, O’Fallon, ILAssistant Professor of Family Medicine/Sports MedicineSt. Louis University Family Medicine Residency ProgramStan Deresinski, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic MedicineStanford UniversityJaime G Deville, MDProfessor of Clinical Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los AngelesAdrian M Di Bisceglie, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis CChief of HepatologySaint Louis University School of MedicineCecilia Di Pentima, MDDirector of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesGoryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health SystemProfessor, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson UniversityLuis A Diaz, MDProfessorDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillKristen Dicks, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMazen M Dimachkie, MDExecutive Vice Chairman & Neuromuscular Division DirectorProfessor – Department of NeurologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterCharles A Dinarello, MDDistinguished Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJodie Dionne-Odom, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamElizabeth Dodds Ashley, PharmD, MHS, BCIDPProfessor of MedicineDuke UniversityGary V Doern, MDEmeritus Professor of PathologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineRaphael Dolin, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolShira Doron, MD, FIDSA, FSHEAAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMorna J Dorsey, MD, MSProfessor, Director of Allergy/Immunology ProgramUniversity of California, San FranciscoJay J Doucet, MD, FRCSC, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoRichard H Drew, PharmD, MS, FCCP, FIDPProfessorCampbell University College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesProfessor and Clinical PharmacistDuke School of MedicineJan E Drutz, MDSection Editor — General PediatricsProfessor Emeritus of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineScott Dryden-Peterson, MDAssistant Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJ Stephen Dumler, MDProfessor and ChairUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesWalter Reed National Military Medical CenterJoint Pathology CenterMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChristopher C Dvorak, MDProfessor of PediatricsChief, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology & Bone Marrow TransplantationUniversity of California San FranciscoPeter Dziewulski, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsSt. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Essex, UKKathryn M Edwards, MDSarah H Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterMorven S Edwards, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineRebecca Eisen, PhDResearch BiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCarl-Gustaf Elinder, MD, PhDProfessor and Senior Consultant of Renal MedicineKarolinska Institute, SwedenKevin Emerick, MDAssistant Professor in the Department of Otology and LaryngologyHarvard Medical SchoolMaurice Enriquez-Sarano, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute FoundationCyril O Enwonwu, ScD, PhD, MDS, BDS, FNAMed, FASEmeritus Professor University of MarylandZerelda Esquer Garrigos, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterAmos Etzioni, MDProfessor Emeritus of Pediatrics and ImmunologyThe Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, HaifaKhoulood Fakhoury, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineCaitlin Farrell, MDInstructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalAlan Fein, MDDirector, Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineNorth Shore University HospitalSteven H Feinsilver, MDProfessor of MedicineZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellThomas Fekete, MDProfessor of Medicine and MicrobiologyTemple University School of MedicineJordan J Feld, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoCaraciolo J Fernandes, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineFernando C Fervenza, MD, PhDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineMaria Isabel Fiel, MD, FAASLDProfessor of PathologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityMichael J Fine, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalKevin R Flaherty, MD, MSSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health SystemSteven Flamm, MDProfessor of MedicineRush Medical CollegeRush University Gary R Fleisher, MDEditor-in-Chief — Adult and Pediatric Emergency MedicineSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsEgan Family Foundation ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolThomas A Fleisher, MDScientist Emeritus, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthExecutive Vice President, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and ImmunologyCourtney V Fletcher, PharmDProfessor, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterPhyllis Flomenberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJefferson Medical CollegePatricia M Flynn, MDMemberSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee, MemphisJ Dennis Fortenberry, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineRégine Fortunov, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMary Glenn Fowler, MD, MPHProfessorJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutesVance G Fowler, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterFabio Francesconi, MDAssistant Professor of DermatologyAmazon Federal University - MedicineClinical Researcher; Coordinator - Dermatology Residence ProgramTropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira DouradoAndrew R Freedman, FRCPReader in Infectious DiseasesCardiff University School of MedicineArnold S Freedman, MDSection Editor — Lymphoproliferative DisordersProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid O Freedman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamStephen Freedman, MDCM, MScProfessor of PaediatricsAlberta Children's Hospital, University of CalgaryAlberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteAlberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and WellnessAlexandra F Freeman, MDSenior ClinicianNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesJoshua Freeman, MBChB, FRCPAClinical MicrobiologistChristchurch Hospital, New ZealandJonathan W Friedberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJames P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of RochesterGerald Friedland, MDProfessor Emeritus of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Public HealthYale School of MedicineHarvey M Friedman, MDProfessorPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaKevin Friedman, MDPediatric Cardiologist, Boston Children's HospitalAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolLloyd N Friedman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineYale School of MedicineN Deborah Friedman, MPH, MBBS, FRACP, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases PhysicianBarwon Health, Geelong, VIC AustraliaTimothy J Friel, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineDavid R Fulton, MDSection Editor — Pediatric CardiologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesJeffrey Gaca, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryDuke University Medical SchoolNajibah A Galadanci, MBBS, MPHDepartment of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHayley Gans, MDProfessorStanford University Medical CenterChristopher Gappy, MDClinical InstructorUniversity of MichiganJuan Carlos Garcia-Pagán, MD, PhDSenior Consultant in Hepatology, Head Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd Associate ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaRavindra Kumar Garg, MD, DM, FRCPProfessor and Head Department of Neurology King George Medical UniversityJoseph Metmowlee Garland, MD, AAHIVSAssociate Professor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityJustus G Garweg, MDProfessor of OphthalmologyUniversity of BernGerd G Gauglitz, MMS, MDDepartment of Dermatology and AllergologyLudwig Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyRobert Gaynes, MDDistinguished Physician and Professor EmeritusEmory University School of MedicineMichael S Gelfand, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee College of MedicineAndrew Gennery, MDProfessor/ConsultantNewcastle UniversityAlex George, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, PediatricsBrenner Children's HospitalWake Forest UniversityKhalil G Ghanem, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDeputy Director of EducationJohns Hopkins Bayview Medical CenterMarc J Gibber, MDAssociate ProfessorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineAllan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLMProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineAttending Rheumatologist and Co-Director, Clinic for Inflammatory Arthritis and Biologic TherapyHospital for Special SurgeryAttending PhysicianNew York Presbyterian HospitalConsultant PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterDonald L Gilbert, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics and Neurology; Director, Movement Disorders and Tourette Syndrome ClinicsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterSusan L Gillespie, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineOlivia Gillion Boyer, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsPediatric Nephrology, Imagine Institute, Paris-Descartes University, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceHeather L Girand, PharmD, BCPPSProfessor of Pharmacy, PediatricsDepartment Chair, Pharmacy PracticeFerris State University, College of Pharmacy, Grand Rapids, MichiganMarshall J Glesby, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy, and ResearchWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJoel D Glickman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineStephen J Gluckman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePraveen S Goday, MBBSProfessor, Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionNationwide Children's HospitalKhean Jin Goh, MBBS, FRCPFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaEric Goldberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineMarcia B Goldberg, MDProfessor of Medicine (Microbiology)Harvard Medical SchoolDon L Goldenberg, MDSection Editor — Pain Disorders in RheumatologyEmeritus Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAffiliate Instructor, Rheumatology Division, Oregon Health Science UniversityAffiliate Instructor, School of Nursing Oregon Health Sciences UniversityIlona T Goldfarb, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolAdam O Goldstein, MD, MPHProfessorDepartment of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillBeth G Goldstein, MDAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillThomas A Golper, MDSection Editor — DialysisProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterAnnekathryn Goodman, MD, MPH, MSProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gynecologic OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalMGH Global Disaster ResponseGeoffrey S Gottlieb, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine/Infectious DiseasesAdjunct Professor of Global HealthUniversity of Washington School of MedicineBarney S Graham, MD, PhDFormer Deputy DirectorViral Pathogenesis ResearchBethesda, MDCamilla S Graham, MDAssistant Professor in Medicine Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAmy L Graziani, PharmDClinical Pharmacist, Infectious DiseasesHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAssociate Professor in Pharmacy, Adjunct FacultyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMeredith Greene, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSaul P Greenfield, MDProfessor of Urology and PediatricsZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellAttending Urologist, Cohen Children’s HospitalDavid E Griffith, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthJerome E Groopman, MDDina and Raphael Recanati Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEyal Grunebaum, MDProfessor in PediatricsUniversity of TorontoNicholas G Guerina, MD, PhDAssistant Clinical ProfessorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityKalpana Gupta, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineChief, Infectious DiseasesBoston VA HCSSadia Haider, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Chief, Division of Family PlanningRush University Medical CenterLaura N Haines, MD, FACSAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California San DiegoKeri K Hall, MD, MSDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesJohn J Halperin, MD, FAAN, FACPProfessor of Neurology & MedicineSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityDepartment of NeurosciencesAtlantic Health System, NJMatthew Hamill, MB ChB, PhD, FRCPAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineMargaret R Hammerschlag, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterMargaret M Hannan, MDFull Clinical ProfessorSchool of MedicineUniversity College, Dublin, IrelandKimberly E Hanson, MD, MHSAssociate ProfessorUniversity of UtahARUP LaboratoriesHordur S Hardarson, MDPhysician, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesDomus Medica Health ClinicEmma Harding-Esch, BA(Hons), MPhil, MSc, PhDAssociate ProfessorLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMarvin Harper, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineJason B Harris, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolRobert Harrison, MD, MPHClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoRodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUTHealth, McGovern Medical SchoolC Mary Healy, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineDavid Heiden, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterSan Francisco, CAMedical Director, AIDS Eye InitiativeSeva FoundationBerkeley, CAJennifer Heimall, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaMichael A Heneghan, MD, MMedSc, FRCPIConsultant Hepatologist & Professor of HepatologyClinical Director for Liver ServicesInstitute of Liver Studies, King's College HospitalVivian P Hernandez-Trujillo, MDClinical Associate Professor of PediatricsHerbert Wertheim School of MedicineFlorida International UniversityDean Hess, RRT, PhD, FAARC, FCCMManaging EditorLecturerNortheastern UniversityRespiratory Care, Massachusetts General HospitalScott K Heysell, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Infectious Diseases and International HealthUniversity of VirginiaPatricia L Hibberd, MD, PhDChair, Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthCharles B Hicks, MDProfessor of Medicine (Voluntary Faculty)University of California, San DiegoWhitney A High, MDProfessor of Dermatology and PathologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineHarry R Hill, MDEmeritus Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics and Adjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSusan L Hills, MBBS, MTHMedical EpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionBrian Hjelle, MDProfessor of Pathology (Emeritus)University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlejandro Hoberman, MDDistinguished Service Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineBruno Hoen, MD, PhDProfessorInstitut PasteurMary Beth Hogan, MDProfessor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineElizabeth L Hohmann, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSteven M Holland, MDDirector, Intramural ResearchNIAIDLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDThomas L Holland, MDAssociate ProfessorDuke University Medical CenterLori R Holtz, MD, MSPHAssociate ProfessorWashington University School of MedicineMarisa Holubar, MD, MSClinical Associate Professor Stanford UniversityDavid C Hooper, MDSection Editor — Antimicrobial DrugsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHeidi Hopkins, MDAssociate Professor in Malaria & DiagnosticsLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineAmy Horneman, PhD, MS, SM (ASCP)Director, Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics (retired)VA Maryland Health Care SystemC Robert Horsburgh, Jr, MD, MUSProfessor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and MedicineBoston University School of Public HealthEric W Hossler, MDAssociateDepartments of Dermatology and PathologyGeisinger Medical CenterRobert W Hostoffer, DO, LhD, MSMed, MBA, FACOP, FAAP, FACOI, FCCPAssociate ProfessorCase Western Reserve UniversityProfessorLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineRenee M Howard, MDProfessor of DermatologyUniversity of California, San Francisco*katherine Hsu, MD, MPH, FAAPMedical DirectorMassachusetts Department of Public HealthProfessor of Pediatrics / Attending PhysicianBoston University Medical CenterLinden Hu, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJohn T Huggins, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaBrenna L Hughes, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityJames M Hughes, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineEmory UniversityVania Hungria, MD, PhDClinica São GermanoSão Paulo, BrazilPeter H Hwang, MDProfessorChief, Division of RhinologyDepartment of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineEmily P Hyle, MDAssistant Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMassimo Imazio, MD, FESCContract Professor of CardiologyHead of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", ASUFC, Udine, ItalyHannah Imlay, MD, MSAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineStuart N Isaacs, MDAssociate ProfessorPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaGeoffrey K Isbister, MDProfessor, Clinical Toxicology Research GroupUniversity of Newcastle, AustraliaMichael G Ison, MD, MSProfessor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ TransplantationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineClaire Italiano, MBBS, FRACP, DTMH, MPHTMInfectious Diseases PhysicianRoyal Perth Hospital, AustraliaAlan C Jackson, MD, FRCPCProfessor of Internal Medicine Head of the Section of NeurologyUniversity of ManitobaJesse T Jacob, MDProfessor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Emory University School of MedicineDeborah S Jacobs, MDSection Editor — OphthalmologyAssociate Professor of Ophthalmology, Part-TimeHarvard Medical SchoolMark A Jacobson, MDClinical Health Sciences Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoIbrahim A Janahi, MDProfessor of PediatricsWeill-Cornell Medical College, QatarDawn Jaroszewski, MD, MBA, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryMayo Clinic ArizonaWilhelmina D JenkinsPatient Perspective Author – Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome#ME Action GeorgiaCraig Jensen, MDSection Editor — Pediatric GastroenterologyAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineRavi Jhaveri, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineInterim Division Head, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoMark D Joffe, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJacob John, MDProfessor of Community MedicineChristian Medical College Vellore, IndiaKaren E Johnson, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineKimberly S Johnson, MDProfessorDivision of Geriatric MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMelissa Johnson, PharmDClinical PharmacistDuke University Medical CenterGrace John-Stewart, MDProfessorUniversity of WashingtonChristine Johnston, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonStephen Jolles, BSc Hons, MBChB Hons, MSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPathConsultant Clinical Immunologist & Honorary Senior LecturerImmunodeficiency Centre for WalesUniversity Hospital of WalesJeanne A Jordan, PhDProfessorSchool of Public HealthThe George Washington UniversityNaima T Joseph, MD, MPH, MADivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School, Boston MAJose Joseph-Vempilly, MDProfessor of MedicineUCSF, FresnoSoma C Jyonouchi, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of PennsylvaniaMichelle C Kaku, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyProgram Director, Neurology ResidencyBoston UniversityVenkat Kalapatapu, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryDivision of Vascular SurgeryPenn Presbyterian Medical CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemSiripen Kalayanarooj, MDProfessor of PediatricsRangsit UniversityConsultant, WHO Collaborating Centre for Case Management of Dengue/DHF/DSSQueen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (QSNICH)Nassim Kamar, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology and Organ TransplantationToulouse University Hospital, FranceAdeeba Kamarulzaman, MBBS, FRACPFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaZeina A Kanafani, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterRobert J Kaner, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversitySouha S Kanj, MDProfessor of MedicineHead of Infectious DiseasesChairperson, Infection Control ProgramCo-director, Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterLawrence D Kaplan, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSheldon L Kaplan, MDEditor-in-Chief — PediatricsSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor Baylor College of MedicineAdolf W Karchmer, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolShannon Kasperbauer, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolJonathan Kay, MDProfessor of Medicine and Population & Quantitative Health SciencesTimothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson Chair in RheumatologyDirector of Clinical Research, RheumatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolKeith Kaye, MD, MPHChief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolMartha Ann Keels, DDS, PhDAdjunct Associate Professor in PediatricsDuke University Medical CenterAdjunct Professor in Pediatric DentistryUniversity of North Carolina, Adams School of DentistryAnuwat Keerasuntornpong, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesSiriraj Hospital Mahidol University, BangkokMichael Keller, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesDivision of Allergy and ImmunologyChildren's National HospitalCiarán P Kelly, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolArthur Y Kim, MD, FIDSAAssociate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolKatherine Yudeh King, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorPediatric Infectious DiseasesStem Cells and Regenerative Medicine CenterBaylor College of MedicineTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoJeffrey D Klausner, MD, MPHClinical Professor of Medicine, Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaRobyn S Klein, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDMichael Klompas, MD, MPHProfessor of Population MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul E Klotman, MDPresident, CEO, and Executive DeanBaylor College of MedicineAlan P Knutsen, MDDirector, Pediatric Allergy and ImmunologyDirector, Jeffery Modell Diagnostic & Research Center for Primary ImmunodeficienciesProfessor of PediatricsSt. Louis University Health Sciences CenterDonald B Kohn, MDProfessor, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics; Pediatrics; and Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesTsoline Kojaoghlanian, MDAssistant ProfessorMaimonides Children's HospitalMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineIgor J Koralnik, MDArchibald Church Professor of NeurologySection Chief, Neuro-Infectious Diseases & Global NeurologyNorthwestern UniversityCamille N Kotton, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Kozal, MDProfessor and Senior Associate Dean for Veteran AffairsStanford School of MedicineChief of StaffVA Palo Alto HealthcareDouglas Krakower, MDBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolResearch ScientistThe Fenway InstitutePeter J Krause, MDSenior Research ScientistYale School of Public Health and Yale School of MedicineSanjeev Krishna, MA, BMChB, DPhil, FRCP, ScD, FMedSciProfessorSt. George's, University of LondonGuha Krishnaswamy, MD, FACP, FCCP, FACAAI, FAAAI, CC-DProfessor of Medicine and Infectious DiseasesWake Forest University School of MedicinePaul A Krogstad, MDResearch Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAAttila Kumánovics, MDDirector, Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicSuresh Kumar, MBBS, DA, Dip Pall, MADirector, WHO Collaborating Center for Community Participation in Palliative Care and Long Term Care, Institute of Palliative MedicineMedical College, Calicut, Kerala, IndiaPreeta K Kutty, MD, MPHMedical EpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionA Desiree LaBeaud, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesStanford UniversitySylvia M LaCourse, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonMichelle Lai, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterTahaniyat Lalani, MBBS, MHSAssociate ProfessorUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesJ Thomas Lamont, MDEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — Anorectal Disorders and Misc. Lower GI Disease; Nutrition, Malabsorption, and Misc. Upper GI DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTimothy R LaPine, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineAlfred A Lardizabal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNew Jersey Medical SchoolRegina LaRocque, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAnne M Larson, MD, FACP, FAASLD, AGAFClinical Professor of MedicineClinic ChiefUW Medicine/NWH HepatologyNorthwest Hospital and Medical CenterRichard A Larson, MDEditor-in-Chief — HematologySection Editor — LeukemiaProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineAnna Last, BMedSc, MBChB, MRCP, DTMH, PhDAssociate Professor of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMiriam K Laufer, MD, MPHProfessor, Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLaura Laursen, MD, MSAssistant ProfessorRush University Medical SchoolHakan Leblebicioglu, MD, ESCMID FellowProfessor of Infectious Diseases & Clinical MicrobiologySamsun VM Medicalpark Hospital, Samsun, TurkeyKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityHannah Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMedical College of VirginiaLois K Lee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPui Y Lee, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMatthew R Leibowitz, MDChief of the Division of Infectious DiseasesNewton-Wellesley HospitalMichael D Leise, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineVeerle Lejon, PhDIntertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementCIRAD, University of MontpellierDeborah J Lenschow, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisJorge Leon-Villapalos, MD, FRCSConsultant in Plastic Surgery and BurnsChelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UKAlyssa R Letourneau, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School Director, MGH Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramDaniel T Leung, MD, MSc, FASTMH, FIDSAAssociate Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Utah School of MedicineFraser J Leversedge, MDProfessor and Chief, Section of Hand, Wrist and Elbow SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of MedicineJessica Levi, MDAssistant Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryAssistant Professor in the Department of PediatricsBoston University/Boston Medical CenterMyron J Levin, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoAnschutz Medical CampusOfer Levy, MD, PhDDirector, Precision Vaccines ProgramProfessor, Harvard Medical SchoolRussell E Lewis, PharmD, FCCPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of BolognaSarah S Lewis, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterHoward Libman, MD, FACPProfessor of Medicine, EmeritusHarvard Medical SchoolAjit P Limaye, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonCharles J Limb, MDFrancis A Sooy ProfessorChief, Division of Otology, Neurotology and Skull Base SurgeryDirector, Douglas Grant Cochlear Implant CenterUniversity of California, San Francisco School of MedicineAndrew H Limper, MDProfessor of Pulmonary MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineAndreas Lindner, MD, MSc, DTMHInstitute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, CharitéUniversity Medicine Berlin, GermanyBenjamin A Lipsky, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FRCP (London), FRCPS (Glasg)Emeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonM Kathryn Liszewski, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineCharles J Lockwood, MD, MHCMSection Editor — ObstetricsSenior Vice President, USF Health Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South FloridaAnna SF Lok, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolFred A Lopez, MDRichard Vial Professor and Vice ChairLouisiana State University School of MedicineRogelio Lopez-Velez, MD, DTMH, PhDAssociate ProfessorAlcala UniversityNational Referral Unit for Tropical DiseasesRamón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, SpainFranklin D Lowy, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsProfessor Emeritus of Medicine and Pathology & Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityGregory M Lucas, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityLawrence R Lustig, MDHoward W. Smith Professor and Chair of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck SurgeryColumbia University Medical CenterDavid Mabey, BM, BCh, DM, FRCPProfessor of Communicable DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineCharles G Macias, MD, MPHChief Quality Officer/Vice Chair Quality & Safety-University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's HospitalProfessor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve UniversityBenedito C Maciel, MD, FACCFull Professor of MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilGraeme MacLaren, MBBS, MSc, FRACP, FCICMCritical care physicianNational University Hospital, SingaporeTessa Madden, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University in St. Louis, School of MedicineLawrence C Madoff, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolCiro P Maguina, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaSteven Mahlen, PhD, D(ABMM)Clinical MicrobiologistSanford HealthBismarck, North DakotaYvonne A Maldonado, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Health Research and Policy Stanford University School of MedicineSimon A Mallal, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPAProfessor of Medicine & Pathology, Immunology & MicrobiologyMajor E.B. Stahlman Chair in Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University Medical CenterDirectorInstitute for Immunology & Infectious DiseasesAndrew Malone, MB, BCh, MRCPIAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of NephrologyDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineEwelina Mamcarz, MDAssociate Member, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cellular TherapySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMark J Manary, MDHelene B Roberson Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. LouisLaurent Mandelbrot, MDChair of Obstetrics and GynecologyLouis Mourier HospitalProfessor of MedicineUniversité de ParisMichael K Mansour, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts General HospitalKalpana Manthiram, MD, MSCIAssistant Clinical InvestigatorNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthDror Marchaim, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityDirector of Infection Control and Prevention UnitShamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical CenterPaola Marchisio, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of MilanBeatriz E Marciano, MDLaboratory of Clinical Infectious DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthNorman E Marcon, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoErin N Marcus, MD, MPH, FACPProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineJ Antonio Marin-Neto, MD, PhD, FACCFull Professor of MedicineHead, Interventional Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilTal Marom, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgerySamson Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Faculty of Health SciencesBen Gurion University of the NegevLucila Marquez, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsPediatric Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of MedicineChristina M Marra, MDProfessor of Neurology, Adjunct Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Washington School of MedicineRebecca Marsh, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of Clinical PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineDavid H Martin, MDAdjunct Professor of EpidemiologyTulane School of Public HealthHarry E Dascomb, MD Professor of Medicine Emeritus Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology EmeritusLSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LouisianaJose Dario Martinez Villarreal, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and DermatologyUniversity Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, School of MedicineErin Mathes, MDProfessor of DermatologyDepartments of Dermatology and PediatricsUniversity of California, San FranciscoTej K Mattoo, MD, DCH, FRCPSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of MedicineProfessor of Urology, Wayne State University School of MedicineToby Maurer, MDProfessor of DermatologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineD Byron May, PharmDProfessorCampbell University College of Pharmacy & Health SciencesKenneth H Mayer, MDInfectious Disease Attending and Director of HIV Prevention ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMedical Research DirectorThe Fenway InstituteKenneth L McClain, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineDirector of the Histiocytosis Program, Texas Children's HospitalMicah T McClain, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesDuke University Medical CenterL Clifford McDonald, MDAssociate Director for ScienceCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMalcolm McDonald, PhD, FRACP, FRCPAAdjunct ProfessorCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University, Queensland, AustraliaPatrick T McGann, MD, MSLifespan Sickle Cell Program DirectorRhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children’s HospitalSarah L McGuinness, MBBS, MPHTM, FACTM, FRACPInfectious Diseases PhysicianAlfred Hospital, AustraliaLecturerSchool of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash University, AustraliaKenneth McIntosh, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJ Chase McNeil, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasPaul Mead, MD, MPHChief, Bacterial Diseases BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionRobert T Means, Jr, MD, MACPSection Editor — Red Blood Cell DisordersProfessor of Internal MedicineJames H Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityRojelio Mejia, MDAssistant Professor of Infectious Diseases and PediatricsNational School of Tropical MedicineBaylor College of MedicineDick Menzies, MD, MScProfessor of Medicine and of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsMontreal Chest Institute, McGill UniversityJessica Merlin, MDPhD AssociateUniversity of PittsburghKevin Messacar, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoJulia A Messina, MD, MHS, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityGeorge W Meyer, MD, MACP, MACGClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineAndrew J Meyr, DPMClinical ProfessorTemple University School of Podiatric MedicineAlain Meyrier, MDProfessor of Medicine (Emeritus)Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, FranceWilliam R Miller, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHouston Methodist Academic Institute and Weill Cornell Medical CollegeDanny A Milner, Jr, MD, MSc(Epi)Chief Medical OfficerAmerican Society for Clinical PathologyJeffrey E Ming, MD, PhDAdjunct Assistant Professor of PediatricsThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineChrisAnna M Mink, MDClinical Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLACaroline Mitchell, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical School Director, Vulvovagin*l Disorders ClinicMassachusetts General HospitalOriol Mitjà, MD, PhD, DTMHAssociate ProfessorHospital Germans Trias i Pujol, University of BarcelonaJennifer Mitty, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Infectious DiseasesClinical Associate Professor of MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRonald P Mlcak, PhD, MBA, RRT, FAARCAssociate Professor Respiratory CareUTMB HealthJohn F Modlin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthRebekah Moehring, MD, MPHAssociate Professor Duke University Medical CenterPayam Mohammadinejad, MDResearch FellowMayo Clinic College of MedicineBruce A Molitoris, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineThomas P Monath, MD, FACP, FASTMHAdjunct Professor (Emeritus)Harvard School of Public HealthSean R Moore, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PediatricsDirector of Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & NutritionUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineTerry L Moore, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologySaint Louis UniversityAntonio J Moretti, DDS, MSProfessor, Division of Comprehensive Oral HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of DentistryPedro L Moro, MD, MPHEpidemiologistCenters for Disease Control and PreventionArthur Morris, MD, D(ABMM), FRCPAClinical MicrobiologistAuckland Hospital, New ZealandJ Glenn Morris, Jr, MD, MPHTMProfessor of MedicineDirector, Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaVicki A Morrison, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaStaff Physician, Hematology/OncologyHennepin HealthcareCO Morrissey, MB, BCh, FRACP, Grad Dip (Clin Epi), PhDAdjunct Senior Lecturer, Monash UniversityThe Alfred Hospital, Victoria, AustraliaMarion Muche, MDCharité - Medical University, Berlin, GermanyAndrew J Muir, MD, MHSChief of Gastroenterology at Duke UniversityFlor M Munoz, MD, MScAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineL Silvia Munoz-Price, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinDavid Murdoch, MD, MSc, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPA, FFSc(RCPA)Clinical Microbiologist and Infectious Diseases PhysicianUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchMichele E Murdoch, BSc, FRCPConsultant DermatologistWatford General HospitalTimothy F Murphy, MDSUNY Distinguished ProfessorUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkBarbara E Murray, MDProfessor of Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical SchoolJohn C Murray, MDProfessor of Medicine (Dermatology)Duke University Medical CenterDaniel M Musher, MDProfessor of Medicine, Professor of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineJukka Mustonen, MD, PhDFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University, FinlandElie Naddaf, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyMayo ClinicMaria A Nagel, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Colorado Denver School of MedicineJames P Nataro, MD, PhD, MBABenjamin Armistead Shepherd Professor and ChairUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineRobert S Negrin, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineFrancesco Negro, MDProfessor of Gastroenterology and hepatologyUniversity Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandJoanna Nelson, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineStanford University Medical SchoolSandra Nelson, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate PhysicianMassachusetts General HospitalRemi Neviere, MDProfessorUniversity Hospital CHU of MartiniquePatrick Niaudet, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of PediatricsHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceMaribeth R Nicholson, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterTim Niehues, MDProfessor of PediatricsHELIOS Klinikum KrefeldAcademic Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityKarin Nielsen-Saines, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUCLA Mattel Children's Hospital David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAPeter A Nigrovic, MDPrince Turki Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolChief, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalLisa Noonan, MSc, MBChB, DTMH, FRACP, MIDIInfectious Diseases PhysicianLiverpool Hospital, Sydney, AustraliaLuigi D Notarangelo, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyBethesda, MDMarcio Nucci, MDProfessor of MedicineFederal University of Rio de JaneiroHans D Ochs, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonMichael A O'Donnell, MD, FACSProfessor of UrologyUniversity of IowaDonough J O'Donovan, MDClinical Lecturer in PediatricsNational University of Ireland, GalwayMyoung-don Oh, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicinePuneet Opal, MD, PhDProfessor of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityJordan S Orange, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — Allergy and ImmunologySection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsColumbia UniversityEloy E Ordaya, MDChief Medical Resident University of MinnesotaRobert C O'Reilly, MDChief Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, A.I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenProfessor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson UniversityWalter A Orenstein, MDAssociate DirectorEmory Vaccine CenterProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyEmory UniversityDennis P Orgill, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolPamela H Orr, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaErik Ortega, MDAssistant ProfessorBarrow Neurological InstituteMiguel G O'Ryan, MDProfessor, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileDouglas R Osmon, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineDavid Ost, MD, MPHProfessor, Department of Pulmonary MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterChristopher P Ouellette, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsNationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State UniversityMeera Pahuja, MDAssistant ProfessorVirginia Commonwealth University Hospital SystemRekha Pai Mangalore, MBBS, FRACP, MPH, DTM&HInfectious Diseases SpecialistAlfred Health, MelbourneVernon M Pais, Jr, MD, MSProfessor of Surgery/UrologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthDebra L Palazzi, MD, MEdProfessor of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases SectionBaylor College of MedicineJoel M Palefsky, MDProfessorUniversity of California San FranciscoPast President, International Papillomavirus SocietyPast President, International Anal Neoplasia SocietyScott M Palmer, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalMohan Pammi, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineLiron Pantanowitz, MDA. James French Professor of PathologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIDiane E Pappas, MD, JDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineKenneth Paris, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsLSU Health Sciences Center New OrleansMark S Pasternack, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolZara M Patel, MDProfessorDivision of RhinologyDepartment of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineThomas F Patterson, MD, FACP, FIDSAChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDirector, San Antonio Center for Medical MycologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSassan Pazirandeh, MDDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKaiser Permanente Medical CenterTrisha Peel, MD, MBBSInfectious Diseases PhysicianAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityP Samuel Pegram, MD, FACPProfessor Emeritus of MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineJeffrey F Peipert, MD, PhDClarence E. Ehrlich Professor and ChairDepartment of Obstetrics & GynecologyIndiana University School of MedicineStephen I Pelton, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyBoston University Schools of Medicine and Public HealthRobert L Penn, MDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesLouisiana State University School of Medicine in ShreveportElena E Perez, MD, PhDAssociateAllergy Associates of the Palm BeachesJohn R Perfect, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterFerande Peters, MBBCH FCP(SA) FESC FACC FRCP (London)Associate ProfessorDivision of Cardiology, Flora ClinicCardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaEskild Petersen, MD, DMSc, DTM&HProfessor, ConsultantSpecialist of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineAarhus University Hospital Skejby, DenmarkLyle R Petersen, MD, MPHDirectorDivision of Vector-borne Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCathy A Petti, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaMichael A Pfaller, MDProfessor Emeritus, Department of PathologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineHerb A Phelan, MD, MSCSAssociate ProfessorDivision of Burns/Trauma/Critical CareUT Southwestern Medical CenterParkland Memorial HospitalElizabeth J Phillips, MD, FRCPC, FRACP, FIDSA, FAAAAISection Editor — Drug AllergyProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyJohn A Oates Chair in Clinical ResearchVanderbilt University Medical CenterSarah M Phillips, MS, RD, LDInstructor of Pediatric GastroenterologyBaylor College of MedicineMichael E Pichichero, MDDirector, Research InstituteRochester General HospitalPedro A Piedra, MDProfessor of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAndrew A Pieper, MD, PhDInvestigator, The Harrington Discovery Institute Professor of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve UniversityVirginia M Pierce, MDClinical Associate Professor of PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolMark Pietroni, MA, FRCP, FFPH, DTM&HVisiting ProfessorUniversity of the West of EnglandVisiting ProfessorUniversity of BristolSorin Pislaru, MD, PhDSection Editor —Valve DiseaseProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular DiseasesMayo ClinicCraig D Platt, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolStaff Physician, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalPaul J Pockros, MDDirector, Liver Disease CenterScripps ClinicDirector, SC Liver Research ConsortiumChristopher R Polage, MDAssociate Professor of PathologyDuke University School of MedicineTodd M Pollack, MDAssistant Professor in Medicine, Part-timeHarvard Medical SchoolWendy J Pomerantz, MD, MSCo-Director, Injury Free Coalition of Greater CincinnatiProfessor of Clinical PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiDaniela Ponce, PhDAssistant Professor of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESPReuven Porat, MDProfessor of MedicineTel Aviv University School of MedicineJacquelyn M Powers, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAnton Pozniak, MD, FRCPTuberculosis Lead PhysicianChelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustGlenn M Preminger, MDSection Editor — Renal Ureteral StonesProfessor of Urologic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterDirector of EducationEndourological SocietyGregory A Price, PhDMicrobiologist/InspectorUS Food and Drug AdministrationRic Price, MDProfessor of Tropical MedicineUniversity of OxfordJennifer M Puck, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Francisco*karen M Puopolo, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineJohn Quale, MDProfessor of MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterFlavio Queiroz-Telles, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Public Health, Hospital de ClinicasFederal University of Parana, Curitiba, BrazilCharles T Quinn, MD, MSProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterThomas C Quinn, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins Medical InstituteRubén E Quirós-Tejeira, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and SurgeryUniversity of NebraskaJai Radhakrishnan, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterFrederic F Rahbari-Oskoui, MD, MSCRProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAli Raja, MD, MBA, MPHProfessor, Mooney-Reed Endowed Chair, and Executive Vice ChairHarvard Medical School and Massachusetts General HospitalPriya Rajendran, MDClinical InstructorUniversity of California, San FranciscoJulio A Ramirez, MD, FACPSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleAnis Rassi, Jr, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACPScientific DirectorAnis Rassi HospitalGoiânia, Goiás, BrazilSivakumar R Rathinam, FAMS, PhDProfessor of Ophthalmology and Head of uveitis serviceAravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of OphthalmologyAnnette C Reboli, MDProfessor of MedicineCooper Medical School of Rowan UniversityD Nageshwar Reddy, MDDirector & Chief GastroenterologistAsian Institute of GastroenterologyHyderabad, IndiaLee B Reichman, MD, MPHSenior Advisor and Past Executive DirectorRutgers Global Tuberculosis InstituteXiushui Ren, MDAssociate Research Director, Cardiology FellowshipCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterHans-Oliver Rennekampff, MDProfessor of Plastic SurgeryRhein-Maas KlinikumAachen WürselenGermanyNima Rezaei, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical ImmunologyTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranChanu Rhee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Population Medicine and MedicineHarvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's HospitalPhillip L Rice, Jr, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Richards, MD, FRACPDirector, Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceDirector, VICNISS Coordinating Centre for Surveillance of Healthcare-associated InfectionsThe Royal Melbourne HospitalNicholas L Rider, DOAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Allergy and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineKees Rietmeijer, MD, PhD, MSPHProfessor Community and Behavioral HealthColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverLaura E Riley, MDChair, Obstetrics and Gynecology Weill Cornell MedicineObstetrician and Gynecologist-in-ChiefNewYork-Presbyterian HospitalLee W Riley, MDProfessor of Infectious Diseases and EpidemiologyUniversity of California at BerkeleyBryan Ristow, MD, FACC, FASE, FACPAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoDirector of Echocardiography Laboratory, Contra Costa Regional Medical CenterDavid J Roberts, MA, MB, D PhilProfessor of HematologyNuffield Dept of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of OxfordSally Roberts, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPAInfectious Diseases Physician and Clinical MicrobiologistAuckland HospitalPaul Robertson, MRCP, FRCPathConsultant MicrobiologistUniversity Hospital Crosshouse, KilmarnockNHS Ayrshire and ArranWilliam R Robinson, MDProfessor of Gynecologic Oncology and Hematology/Oncology University of Mississippi Medical CenterDario Roccatello, MDProfessor of Nephrology and Clinical PathologyUniversity of Turin Medical SchoolJürgen Kurt Rockstroh, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyMartin Rodriguez, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamMaria C Rodriguez-Barradas, MDProfessor of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineStephen J Rogerson, PhDProfessorDepartment of Infectious Diseases, the Doherty InstituteThe University of MelbourneChaim M Roifman, CM, MD, FRCPC, FCACBProfessor of Pediatrics and ImmunologyUniversity of Toronto, CanadaKathleen S Romanowski, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaDavis and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern CaliforniaJosé R Romero, MD, FAAP, FIDSA, FPIDS, FAAASDirector, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory VirusesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAnne Rompalo, MDProfessorJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineStephanie T Ros, MDAssociate Professor of Maternal-Fetal MedicineUniversity of South FloridaJonathan Ross, MDProfessor of Sexual Health and HIVDepartment of Sexual Health and HIVUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustLionel Rostaing, MD, PhDDepartment of Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis, and Renal TransplantationGrenoble Alpes University Hospital, FranceAlan L Rothman, MDProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandFlorence Roufosse, MDErasme Hospital, Department of Internal MedicineUniversite Libre de Bruxelles, BelgiumJohn M Routes, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology/ImmunologyDepartment of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Medical College of WisconsinJames L Rubenstein, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/OncologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoJennifer Rubin Grandis, MDDistinguished Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoMichelle Ruha, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Emergency MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine, PhoenixBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoAnthony S Russell, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamGeorge Sakoulas, MDProfessorUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineJohn H Sampson, MD, PhD, MBARobert H. and Gloria Wilkins Distinguished Professor of NeurosurgeryProfessor of Biomedical Engineering, Immunology, and PathologyChair, Department of NeurosurgeryDuke University Medical CenterCharles V Sanders, MDProfessor of Medicine, Emeritus Louisiana State University School of Medicine New OrleansCarlos AQ Santos, MD, MPHSAssociate Professor of MedicineRush University Medical CenterChristina Sarubbi, PharmD, BCPSPharmacy ManagerClinical and Ambulatory Services University of North Carolina Rex HealthcareDeirdre Sawinski, MD, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegePaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRichard J Scarfone, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaMorris Schambelan, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoWiley A Schell, MSAssociate Professor in MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJohn S Schieffelin, MD, MSPHAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsTulane University School of MedicineNelson B Schiller, MD, FACC, FRCP, FASESection Editor — Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress TestingProfessor of Medicine and Anesthesia University of California, San FranciscoNeil W Schluger, MDBarbara and William Rosenthal Professor and ChairmanNew York Medical CollegeAndre Schmidt, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineHead, Cardiology DivisionMedical School of Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo, BrazilSteven K Schmitt, MD, FIDSAStaff PhysicianAssociate Professor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineThomas Schneider, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineCharite, Campus Benjamin Franklin, BerlinRobert T Schoen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineAsher J Schranz, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineAmy Schwartz, MPHEpidemiologistBacterial Diseases BranchDivision of Vector-Borne DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJoseph D Schwartzman, MDProfessor of PathologyDartmouth Hitchco*ck Medical CenterDavid Scollard, MD, PhDCo-Editor, International Textbook of LeprosyAdvisory Board, Heiser Foundation for Leprosy ResearchSteering Committee, Leprosy Research InitiativeCynthia L Sears, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCarlos Seas, MD, FIDSAAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaMarkus G Seidel, MDProfessor of Translational Pediatric Hematology and ImmunologyMedical University of GrazJessica Seidelman, MD, MPHMedical InstructorDuke University School of MedicinePeter A Selwyn, MD, MPHProfessor and Chairman, Department of Family and Social MedicineMontefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of MedicineArlene C Seña, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChristine M Seroogy, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin Medical SchoolSanjay Sethi, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division Chief, Pulmonary/Critical Care/Sleep MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkSanjeev Sethi, MD, PhDProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineMehmet S Sever, MDProfessor of MedicineIstanbul School of MedicineDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterKarl Seydel, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorMichigan State College of Osteopathic MedicineNader Shaikh, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEugene D Shapiro, MD, FAAPProfessor of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and Public Health and Investigative MedicineYale University School of MedicineAbdu A Sharkawy, MD, FRCPCAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoJeanne S Sheffield, MDProfessor, Division Director, Maternal-Fetal MedicineDept. Gynecology and ObstetricsJohns Hopkins MedicineNadine Shehata, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineDepartments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and PathologyDivision of HematologyUniversity of TorontoErica S Shenoy, MD, PhD, FIDSA, FSHEAAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Chief, Infection Control Unit, MGHMedical Director, Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center, MGHMeagan W Shepherd, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineKenneth E Sherman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineAvinash Shetty, MDProfessor of PediatricsWake Forest University School of MedicineDalton E Sholter, MD, FRCPCAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaLaura Simionescu, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUpstate Medical University and University HospitalMarcus V Simões, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineCardiology Division, Department of Internal MedicineMedical School of Ribeirao PretoUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilDavid M Simpson, MDProfessor of NeurologyDirector, Neuromuscular Disorders DivisionDirector, Clinical Neurophysiology LaboratoriesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMaria J Small, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke University Medical CenterGerald W Smetana, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBecky A Smith, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterJohn Kelly Smith, MDFellow and Laureate ACP, Fellow American Association of Certified AllergistEmeritus Professor of MedicineJames H Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityHannah F Smitherman, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsPediatric Clerkship DirectorBurnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian UniversityAttending Physician, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Cook Children's HospitalScott B Snapper, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJack D Sobel, MDProfessorWayne State University School of MedicinePatrick Soentjens, MDInstitute of Tropical Medicine, AntwerpCentre for Infectious DiseasesMilitary Hospital, BrusselsM Rizwan Sohail, MDProfessor of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineRoland Solensky, MDLecturerOregon State University/Oregon Health and Science University College of PharmacyTom Solomon, FRCP, PhDProfessor of Neurological ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolMary Beth F Son, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolEunkyung Song, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsNationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State UniversityMadhuri M Sopirala, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterTania C Sorrell, MDProfessor of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Director of the Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologySydney Medical School, University of SydneyFrederick S Southwick, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of FloridaDavid H Spach, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonMichael E Speer, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityUlrich Spengler, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Bonn, GermanyCharles E Spritzer, MDProfessor, Department of RadiologyChief MSK Division Duke University School of MedicineAnon Srikiatkhachorn, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandMary Allen Staat, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of CincinnatiAnn R Stark, MDProfessor in Residence of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Faculty Development, Department of NeonatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterJeffrey R Starke, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineWilliam Stauffer, MD, MSPH, CTropMed, FASTMHProfessorUniversity of MinnesotaAndrew Steer, MBBS, PhD, FRACPHonorary ProfessorDepartment of Paediatrics, University of MelbournePediatric Infectious Diseases Physician, Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneDirector, Infection and Immunity Research Theme, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteIain Stephenson, MD, FRCPSenior Lecturer in Infectious DiseasesUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, UKTimothy R Sterling, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineRichard H Sterns, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryDennis L Stevens, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineE Richard Stiehm, MDDistinguished Research Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAYmkje Stienstra, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesUniversity Medical Center GroningenSean M Stone, MD, FACEPEmergency Medicine PhysicianWillamette Falls Medical CenterJason Stout, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDiane E Stover, MDEditor — Respiratory InfectionsChief, Pulmonary ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterCharlie Strange, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaBarbara Stryjewska, MDChief, Medical OfficerNational Hansen’s Disease ProgramsAruna Subramanian, MDClinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineJohn L Sullivan, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of MassachusettsKathleen E Sullivan, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaRobert Sundel, MDSection Editor — Pediatric RheumatologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolKhuanchai Supparatpinyo, MDProfessor of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityRakesh M Suri, MD, DPhilProfessor of SurgeryCleveland ClinicRitsuro Suzuki, MD, PhDProfessor, Department of Oncology and HematologyShimane University School of MedicineGeeta K Swamy, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityReema Syed, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology Washington University in Saint LouisPaula Tähtinen, MD, PhDClinical Lecturer, Adjunct Professor Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuElizabeth A Talbot, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKathrine R Tan, MD, MPHTeam LeadDomestic Response Team, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAaron J Tande, MDConsultantAssociate Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineLynn T Tanoue, MDProfessor of MedicineYale School of MedicinePhillip I Tarr, MDMelvin E. Carnahan Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Molecular MicrobiologyChief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & NutritionWashington University in St. Louis School of MedicineRobert V Tauxe, MD, MPHDirector, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, andEnvironmental DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionTerrie E Taylor, DOUniversity Distinguished Professor, MSU Foundation ProfessorCollege of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State UniversityPablo Tebas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaMayer Tenenhaus, MD, FACSProfessor of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity of California at San Diego Medical CenterEng-Kiong Teo, MDGastroenterologistChangi General Hospital, SingaporeChloe L Thio, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityStephen J Thomas, MDProfessorSUNY Upstate Medical UniversityCharles F Thomas, Jr, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJennifer L Thompson, MDAssistant Professor Obstetrics and GynecologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterLouise Thwaites, MDClinical Research FellowOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh City, Viet NamAndres Tirado-Sanchez, MDProfessor of Dermatology Anahuac University and Tecnológico de MonterreyImad M Tleyjeh, MD, MSc, FACP, FIDSAConsultant, Infectious DiseasesKing Fahd Medical City, RiyadhProfessor of Medicine and EpidemiologyCollege of MedicineAlfaisal University, RiyadhMichael Tolentino, MDDirector of Clinical ResearchBlue Ocean Clinical Research at the Macula CenterAssociate Professor, OphthalmologyUniversity of Central FloridaMark Travassos, MD, MScAssistant Professor, Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineIndi Trehan, MD, MPH, DTM&HAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonGlenn J Treisman, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCécile Tremblay, MDProfessorUniversity of Montreal, CanadaSusan Tuddenham, MD, MPHAssociate Professor Johns HopkinsJoAnn M Tufariello, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiElaine I Tuomanen, MDChair, Infectious DiseasesSt Jude Children's Research HospitalJesus G Vallejo, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineTjip S van der Werf, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of GroningenRaymond Vanholder, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity Hospital, Ghent, BelgiumEdouard G Vannier, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineTufts Medical CenterJose A Vazquez, MD, FACP, FIDSAChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJames Verbsky, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics and Microbiology/ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinElizabeth C Verna, MD, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineColumbia UniversityElliott P Vichinsky, MDSection Editor — Red Cell DisordersProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoR Kasi Visweswaran, MD, DM, FRCP (Edin)Consultant in NephrologyAnanthapuri Hospital and Research InstituteC Fordham von Reyn, MDSection Editor — Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthKen B Waites, MD, F(AAM)Professor of PathologyDirector, Diagnostic Mycoplasma LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamAnna Wald, MD, MPHSection Editor — Sexually Transmitted DiseasesProfessor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonEllen R Wald, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthPatricia F Walker, MD, DTM&H, FASTMHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaL Lewis Wall, MD, DPhilSelina Okin Kim Conner Professor Emeritus in Arts and SciencesProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology and Obstetrics & GynecologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MOMark Waltzman, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAndrew Wang, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Health SystemMark A Ward, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineTheodore E Warkentin, MD, BSc(Med), FRCP(C), FACP, FRCP(Edin)Professor, Pathology and Molecular MedicineMichael G DeGroote School of MedicineMcMaster UniversityDavid J Weber, MD, MPHProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Public HealthMelissa Weinberg, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoMelvin P Weinstein, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolAmy C Weintrob, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineThe George Washington University and Veterans Affairs Medical CenterScott L Weiss, MDAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and PediatricsThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of PennsylvaniaPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthAnnika O Wernerson, MD, PhDProfessor and Senior Consultant in PathologyKarolinska Institute, SwedenMichael R Wessels, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsJohn F Enders Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJulian White, AM, MB, BS, MD, FACTMProfessorThe University of AdelaideA Clinton White, Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessorUniversity of Texas Medical BranchHarold C Wiesenfeld, MD, CMProfessorUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineC Mel Wilcox, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRebecca S Wilder, BSDH, MSProfessor, Associate Dean for Professional Development and Faculty Affairs, Office of the Dean, Division of Comprehensive Oral HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of DentistryAnnelies Wilder-Smith, MD, PhDProfessor of Emerging Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineTimothy William, MBBS, FRCPInfectious Disease PhysicianGleneagles Medical Centre, Kota KinabaluFelicia N Williams, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillKenneth H Wilson, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterMary Elizabeth Wilson, MDClinical Professor of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoAdjunct Professor of Global Health and PopulationHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthJohn R Wingard, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineKevin L Winthrop, MD, MPHProfessor, School of Public HealthOregon Health and Sciences UniversityProfessor, Department of MedicineOregon Health and Sciences UniversityCameron Wolfe, MBBS (Hons), MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterLouis-Michel Wong Kee Song, MD, FRCP(C)Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineBrian R Wood, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonCharles R Woods, MD, MSChair, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee College of Medicine – ChattanoogaChristina M Wyatt, MDAssociate ProfessorDuke University School of MedicineDavid L Wyles, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoDivision ChiefDenver HealthBlair J Wylie, MD, MPHProfessor of Obstetrics and GynecologyColumbia University Medical CenterSigal Yawetz, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDonald M Yealy, MD, FACEPProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PittsburghSylvia Yeh, MDProfessorDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAHarbor-UCLA Medical Center, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesHidemasa Yoneda, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Hand SurgeryNagoya UniversityWen-Liang Yu, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineChi-Mei Medical Center, TaiwanAimee Zaas, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterKimon C Zachary, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKen Zafren, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, FAWMClinical Professor of Emergency Medicine Stanford University Medical CenterFormer Emergency Programs Medical Director, State of AlaskaMartin Zamora, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineRichard D Zane, MDSection Editor — Emergency Medical Services/Disaster MedicineProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDana Zappetti, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical CollegeAtefeh Zeinoddini, MDRadiology ResidentUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, GalvestonMichael R Zenn, MD, FACSAdjunct Professor – Clinical Professor of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChrista S Zerbe, MD, MSDirector, Clinical Patient Services Program Director, Infectious Disease FellowshipLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAIDDanielle M Zerr, MD, MPHProfessor, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesUniversity of WashingtonLiesl Zühlke, MBChB DCH FCPaeds Cert Card MPH FESC FACC MSc PhDProfessorPaediatric Cardiologist and Director of Children’s Heart Disease Research UnitDivision of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics Red Cross War Memorial Children’s HospitalCape Town, South AfricaVice-President (Extramural Program and Internal portfolio)South African Medical Research CouncilPeer ReviewersElaine J Abrams, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityAnucha Apisarnthanarak, MDProfessor in Infectious DiseasesThammasat University HospitalSheila L Arvikar, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul G Auwaerter, MD, MBA, FIDSASherrilyn and Ken Fisher Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineRobin K Avery, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins HospitalJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineLucinda Bateman, MS, MDMedical DirectorBateman Horne Center, UtahFrancesca Beaman, MDMusculoskeletal Fellowship Assistant ProfessorUniversity of KentuckyIrmgard Behlau, MDInfectious Diseases SpecialistMount Auburn Hospital (Harvard Medical School)Molecular Biology & Microbiology, and OphthalmologyTufts University School of MedicineJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineBrookie M Best, PharmD, MASAssociate Dean for Admissions and OutreachProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy and PediatricsSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine-Rady Children's Hospital San DiegoGuy Boivin, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine, Université LavalDavid R Boulware, MD, MPH, CTropMedAssociate ProfessorAssociate Director of Global Health Programs in Internal MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaWilliam A Bower, MD, FIDSACaptainUS Public Health ServiceEpidemiology Team Lead, Bacterial Special Pathogens BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionTodd T Brown, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Medicine and EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityMaria Buti, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaAngela M Caliendo, MD, PhDProfessor and Executive Vice Chair of MedicineBrown UniversityPeggy L Carver, PharmDAssociate Professor of PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyTracey A Cho, MD, MAProgram Director, Harvard-BWH-MGH Neurology ResidencyDirector, Neurology ClerkshipCo-Director, Infectious/Autoimmune Neurology ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalDavid B Clifford, MDMelba and Forest Seay Professor of Clinical Neuropharmacology in NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSara Cross, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterStan Deresinski, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic MedicineStanford UniversityJ Michael Dixon, MDProfessor of Surgery and Consultant SurgeonEdinburgh UniversityGary V Doern, MDEmeritus Professor of PathologyUniversity of Iowa College of MedicineScott Dryden-Peterson, MDAssistant Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolErik R Dubberke, MD, MSPHAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineJ Stephen Dumler, MDProfessor and ChairUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesWalter Reed National Military Medical CenterJoint Pathology CenterMarlene L Durand, MDSection Editor — Head and Neck InfectionsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalDavid O Freedman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMelissa Gans, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of MiamiJoseph Metmowlee Garland, MD, AAHIVSAssociate Professor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityJuan C Gea-Banacloche, MDStaff ClinicianDivision of Clinical ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesAnne A Gershon, MDProfessor of PediatricsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsBenjamin Gewurz, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate PhysicianBrigham & Women's HospKhalil G Ghanem, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDeputy Director of EducationJohns Hopkins Bayview Medical CenterRoy M Gulick, MD, MPHSection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineKalpana Gupta, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineChief, Infectious DiseasesBoston VA HCSH Hunter Handsfield, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Washington Center for AIDS and STDAnthony Harris, MD, MPHSection Editor — Hospital Acquired InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineRodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUTHealth, McGovern Medical SchoolDavid Heiden, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyCalifornia Pacific Medical CenterSan Francisco, CAMedical Director, AIDS Eye InitiativeSeva FoundationBerkeley, CAHoward M Heller, MD, MPHAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKate Hendricks, MD, MPH&TMMedical Officer, Bacterial Special Pathogens BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMartin S Hirsch, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Viral InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrenna L Hughes, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityMichael G Ison, MD, MSProfessor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ TransplantationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineGrace John-Stewart, MDProfessorUniversity of WashingtonRobert Kalayjian, MDProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesMetroHealth Medical CenterSanjat Kanjilal, MD, MPHLecturerHarvard Medical SchoolW Ray Kim, MDProfessor of Medicine, Gastroenterology and HepatologyStanford University Medical CenterAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDJane E Koehler, MA, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineAnthony L Komaroff, MDSection Editor — General MedicineSimcox-Clifford-Higby Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior PhysicianBrigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MAFarrukh M Koraishy, MD, PhD, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineStony Brook UniversityMichael J Kozal, MDProfessor and Senior Associate Dean for Veteran AffairsStanford School of MedicineChief of StaffVA Palo Alto HealthcareRaphael J Landovitz, MD, MScRonald Reagan UCLA Medical CenterUCLA Medical Center, Santa MonicaXin Li, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineLauri Markowitz, MDCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMichael Marks, MRCP, PhD, DTM&HAssistant Professor London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineJeanne Marrazzo, MD, MPH, FACP, FIDSASection Editor — Sexually Transmitted InfectionsProfessor and ChiefUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineChristopher McCoy, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Coordinator: Antimicrobial Stewardship PGY2 Residency Program Director: Antimicrobial StewardshipBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterMalcolm McDonald, PhD, FRACP, FRCPAAdjunct ProfessorCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University, Queensland, AustraliaKenneth McIntosh, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBrian J McMahon, MD, MACP, FAASLDMedical and Research DirectorAlaska Native Tribal Health ConsortiumClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineAuxiliary Professor of Health SciencesUniversity of Alaska WWAMI Medical SchoolJohn F Modlin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthDeborah M Money, MD, FRCSCProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaLindsay Nicolle, MD, FRCPCProfessor EmeritusRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaNtobeko Ntusi, BSc(hons) MBChB FCP(SA) D.PhilFaculty of Health SciencesDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalIna Park, MD, MSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Family and Community MedicineUCSF School of MedicineRobin Patel, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Medicine Mayo ClinicEskild Petersen, MD, DMSc, DTM&HProfessor, ConsultantSpecialist of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineAarhus University Hospital Skejby, DenmarkMichael E Pichichero, MDDirector, Research InstituteRochester General HospitalKaren M Puopolo, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineMichael J Richards, MD, FRACPDirector, Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceDirector, VICNISS Coordinating Centre for Surveillance of Healthcare-associated InfectionsThe Royal Melbourne HospitalLaura E Riley, MDChair, Obstetrics and Gynecology Weill Cornell MedicineObstetrician and Gynecologist-in-ChiefNewYork-Presbyterian HospitalMark E Rupp, MDProfessor & Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterThomas A Russo, MD, CMStaff PhysicianVeterans Administration Western New York Healthcare SystemProfessor of MedicineVice Chair of Medicine, Chief, Division of Infectious DiseasesJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloEdward T Ryan, MD, DTMHSection Editor — Parasitic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolGeorge Sakoulas, MDProfessorUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicinePriya Sampathkumar, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo ClinicRochester, MinnesotaPaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNathan Schandevel, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of Kansas, Department of Family MedicineJohn S Schieffelin, MD, MSPHAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsTulane University School of MedicineNeil W Schluger, MDBarbara and William Rosenthal Professor and ChairmanNew York Medical CollegeRobert T Schoen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineCynthia L Sears, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterThorsten M Seyler, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorCo-Director, Adult Reconstruction FellowshipDirector, Orthopaedic Biofilm LaboratoryDuke University, School of MedicineEugene D Shapiro, MD, FAAPProfessor of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and Public Health and Investigative MedicineYale University School of MedicineKenneth E Sherman, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineJihad Slim, MDAssistant ProfessorSeton Hall School of Health and Medical SciencesJack D Sobel, MDProfessorWayne State University School of MedicineDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityDavid S Stephens, MDProfessor of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineTimothy R Sterling, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJason Stout, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterElizabeth A Talbot, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthRandy Taplitz, MDClinical Professor and ChairDepartment of MedicineCity of Hope National Medical CenterLynn E Taylor, MD, FACP, FAASLDResearch ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandDirector of HIV and Viral Hepatitis ServicesCODAC Behavioral HealthChloe L Thio, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityDavid L Thomas, MDSection Editor — Hepatitis/HIV CoinfectionDivision ChiefJohns Hopkins University School of MedicinePhyllis C Tien, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine University of California, San FranciscoAnna Wald, MD, MPHSection Editor — Sexually Transmitted DiseasesProfessor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WashingtonEllen R Wald, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthDavid H Walker, MDProfessor, Department of PathologyCarmage and Martha Walls Distinguished University Chair in Tropical DiseasesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchMark Waltzman, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDavid J Weber, MD, MPHProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics and EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Public HealthMelvin P Weinstein, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRobert A Weinstein, MDThe C Anderson Hedberg MD Professor of Internal MedicineRush Medical CollegePeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthNicholas J White, FRSProfessor of Tropical MedicineMahidol and Oxford UniversitiesA Clinton White, Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessorUniversity of Texas Medical BranchRichard Whitley, MDDistinguished Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Alabama School of MedicineC Mel Wilcox, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRachel L Winer, PhD, MPHAssociate Professor of EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthJohn R Wingard, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineKevin L Winthrop, MD, MPHProfessor, School of Public HealthOregon Health and Sciences UniversityProfessor, Department of MedicineOregon Health and Sciences UniversitySigal Yawetz, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDanielle M Zerr, MD, MPHProfessor, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Washington

Psychotherapy is a typically interpersonal treatment based on psychological principles. Specific therapies are often individualized to patients or groups with a psychiatric disorder, problem, or adverse circ*mstance [1].There are many types of psychotherapy with varying methods and levels of empiric

Candidemia refers to presence of Candida species in the blood. Candida in a blood culture should never be viewed as a contaminant and should prompt evaluation for metastatic infection [1].Issues related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of candidemia will be reviewed here. The clinical manifestat

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor that usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. (See"Epidemiology and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma".)Although the best long-term survival is observed after surgical therapies, most patients are not eligible

CloseAuthors and Editors in RheumatologyAuthors and Editors in RheumatologyEditors-in-ChiefJames R O'Dell, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisRobert L Grissom Professor and Vice Chairman Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterDavid S Pisetsky, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Systemic Lupus ErythematosusProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterPeter H Schur, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Basic ScienceProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDeputy EditorsPhilip Seo, MD, MHSDeputy Editor — RheumatologyAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineSection EditorsJohn S Axford, DSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHSection Editor — SclerodermaEmeritus Professor of RheumatologySt George's University of LondonJane Hoyt Buckner, MDSection Editor — General Rheumatology and Related TopicsPresident, Benaroya Research InstituteAffiliate professor, University of WashingtonNicola Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACPSection Editor — Crystal DiseasesProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AucklandAuckland, New ZealandRobert Fox, MD, PhDSection Editor — Sjögren's syndromeMember, Rheumatology ClinicScripps Memorial Hospital and Ximed Medical GroupDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesDon L Goldenberg, MDSection Editor — Pain Disorders in RheumatologyEmeritus Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAffiliate Instructor, Rheumatology Division, Oregon Health Science UniversityAffiliate Instructor, School of Nursing Oregon Health Sciences UniversityDaichi Hayashi, MD, PhDSection Editor — Musculoskeletal radiologyAssociate Professor of Clinical RadiologyMusculoskeletal Imaging SectionMusculoskeletal Imaging Fellowship Program DirectorStony Brook University Renaissance School of MedicineState University of New YorkSimon M Helfgott, MDSection Editor — General Rheumatology and Related TopicsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolGene G Hunder, MDSection Editor — VasculitisEmeritus ConsultantProfessor EmeritusMayo Clinic College of MedicineDavid Hunter, MD, PhDSection Editor — OsteoarthritisInstitute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaZacharia Isaac, MDSection Editor — Soft Tissue Rheumatic DiseaseAssistant Professor in Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolHelen J Lachmann, MA, MB, BChir, MD, FRCP, FRCPathSection Editor — AmyloidosisProfessor of MedicineUniversity College London and Royal Free Hospital LondonLouis Leff, MD, MACPEditor — CalculatorsClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineEric L Matteson, MD, MPHSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyDivision of RheumatologyProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicinePeter A Merkel, MD, MPHSection Editor — VasculitisChief, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaJames R O'Dell, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisRobert L Grissom Professor and Vice Chairman Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterDavid S Pisetsky, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Systemic Lupus ErythematosusProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterPeter H Schur, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Basic ScienceProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRobert H Shmerling, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJoachim Sieper, MDSection Editor — SpondyloarthropathiesProfessor of MedicineCharitè, University Medicine BerlinEthel Siris, MDSection Editor — Disorders of BoneMadeline C. Stabile Professor of Clinical MedicineColumbia UniversityE William St Clair, MDSection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisW. Lester Brooks, Jr. Professor of MedicineProfessor of ImmunologyChief, Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterIra N Targoff, MDSection Editor — Muscle DiseaseProfessor of Medicine, Section of RheumatologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterJennifer E Thorne, MD, PhDSection Editor — OphthalmologyCross Family Professor of Ophthalmology & EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineKenneth J Warrington, MDSection Editor — VasculitisProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceMark H Wener, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Medicine/RheumatologyUniversity of WashingtonEditorial AssistantsJenny McKay, BAContent Editing CoordinatorAuthorsSalahadin Abdi, MD, PhDProfessor [Tenured] and Chair, Department of Pain MedicineHelen Buchanan & Stanley Joseph Seeger Endowed Research ProfessorThe University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHamid Abdollahi, MDPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterAbhishek Abhishek, MBBS, MD, FRCP, PhDProfessor of RheumatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, UKHonorary Consultant RheumatologistQueen's Medical CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottingham, UKHassan Abolhassani, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Karolinska InstitutetDistinguished Honorary Professor Tehran University of Medical SciencesClara Abraham, MDProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityVikki M Abrahams, PhDProfessor, Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesDirector, Division of Reproductive SciencesYale School of MedicineSteven B Abramson, MDProfessor of Medicine and PathologyNew York University School of MedicineRohit Aggarwal, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of PittsburghSenda Ajroud-Driss, MDInstructor in NeurologyNorthwestern UniversityEsen K Akpek, MDThe Bendann Family Professor of Ophthalmology and RheumatologyDirector, Ocular Surface Disease and Dry Eye ClinicDaniel Aletaha, MDProfessor of MedicineChairman, Division of RheumatologyDepartment of Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaAntoin Alexander, MDDavid Grant Medical CenterTravis Air Force Base, CaliforniaFamily Medicine Residency ProgramJohn Alsobrook, MDCommunity Health & Family MedicineUniversity of FloridaSharon Alzner, MPTSenior Physical TherapistBrigham and Women's Hospital Outpatient Rehabilitation Services DepartmentAnthony A Amato, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolRajesh Aneja, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineGerald B Appel, MDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsMichael D Apstein, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAndrew Arnold, MDMurray-Heilig Professor of Molecular MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutChad A Asplund, MD, MPH, FAMSSMSection Editor — Adult Orthopedics; Sports-Related InjuriesAssociate Professor, Family Medicine and OrthopedicsMayo Clinic, Sports MedicineMinneapolis, MNJon C Aster, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolJohn P Atkinson, MDSamuel B Grant Professor of MedicineProfessor of Molecular MicrobiologyDivision of RheumatologyWashington University School of MedicineJohn S Axford, DSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHSection Editor — SclerodermaEmeritus Professor of RheumatologySt George's University of LondonAntoine Azar, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineSteven J Baccei, MDAssociate Professor, Musculoskeletal Imaging and InterventionVice-Chair of Radiology Quality, Patient Safety, and Process ImprovementSection Chief, Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention Associate Chief Medical Officer, UMass Memorial Medical CenterDepartment of Radiology UMass Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRaffaele Badolato, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of BresciaAlan N Baer, MD, MACRProfessor of MedicineDirector, Jerome L. Greene Sjögren's Syndrome CenterJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineJoshua F Baker, MD, MSCEAssistant Professor of Rheumatology and EpidemiologyCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaSteven K Baker, MSc, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine Neuromuscular Disease ClinicFaculty of Health SciencesMcMaster UniversityMeena Balasubramanian, MBBS, DCH, FRCPCH, MDSenior Clinical Lecturer, Musculoskeletal GeneticsDepartment of Oncology & Metabolism, University of SheffieldConsultant Clinical GeneticistSheffield Clinical Genetics ServiceLead Consultant, OI-Genetics Service, Highly Specialised Severe, Complex & Atypical OI Service Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation TrustDouglas W Ball, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineZuhair K Ballas, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Iowa and Iowa City VAMark Ballow, MDProfessor of PediatricsAll Children's HospitalUniversity of South Florida School of MedicineLora Bankova, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyBrigham and Women's HospitalRebecca Bassett, MDAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineCarolyn B Becker, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolH Michael Belmont, MDProfessor of MedicineNYU School of MedicineEldad Ben-Chetrit, MDProfessor of MedicineHadassah-Hebrew University Medical SchoolKlaus Bendtzen, MD, DMScEmeritus Professor of Medicine and InflammationInstitute for Inflammation ResearchRigshospitalet, National University Hospital, DenmarkKim Bennell, PhDProfessor, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of PhysiotherapyUniversity of Melbourne, AustraliaDavid J Berkoff, MD, FAAEM, CAQSMVice Chair of Clinical OperationsProfessor of Orthopedics and Emergency MedicineAdjunct Professor, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina Chapel HillNancy Berliner, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolH Franklin Bunn Professor of Hematology and Chief, Division of Hematology Brigham and Women's HospitalBonnie L Bermas, MDProfessor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterAnthony Beutler, MDAssociate Medical Director and Program Director, Sports MedicineIntermountain Healthcare, Provo, UTProfessor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University, Bethesda, MDSalman Bhai, MDDirectorNeuromuscular CenterInstitute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineAssistant Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterShamik Bhattacharyya, MD, MSAssistant Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolClifton O Bingham, III, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityShawn J Bird, MDProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhilip E Blazar, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolJack JH Bleesing, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterDonald B Bloch, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJosh Bloom, MD, MPHClinical Instructor, Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillJim G Blount, MD, CAQSMAdjunct Clinical Professor, Departments of Family Medicine and Sports MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillBlake Reid Boggess, DO, FAAFPProfessor of Orthopedic SurgeryDuke Sports Medicine Team PhysicianDuke University Medical CenterAndrew S Bomback, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterRoger Bouillon, MD, PhD, FRCPProfessor of MedicineKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, BelgiumKaan Boztug, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaConsultant in Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and ImmunologySt. Anna Children's Hospital ViennaDeborah Y Bradshaw, MDResidency Program DirectorDepartment of NeurologyUpstate Medical UniversityMelinda J Braskett, MDAssistant Professor, Clinical PediatricsDivision of Clinical Immunology and AllergyChildren's Hospital Los AngelesKeck School of Medicine at University of Southern CaliforniaJames Bray, MDHead Team Physician, University of Texas AthleticsAffiliate Faculty in the Department of Population Health, Dell Medical SchoolFred H Brennan, Jr, DO, FAOASM, FAAFP, FACSM, FAMSSMAssociate Director, Turley Family Medicine Residency Program, Clearwater, FloridaAssistant Program Director, Turley/University of South Florida Sports Medicine Fellowship Associate Professor, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Family MedicineJerry D Brewer, MD, MS, FAADProfessor of DermatologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineGeorge AW Bruyn, MD, PhDDepartment of RheumatologyMC Groep hospitals, Lelystad, the NetherlandsRachelle Buchbinder, MBBS, MSc, PhD, FRACPRheumatologist and Director, Monash Department of Clinical EpidemiologyCabrini HospitalProfessor, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityJane Hoyt Buckner, MDSection Editor — General Rheumatology and Related TopicsPresident, Benaroya Research InstituteAffiliate professor, University of WashingtonGerd R Burmester, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyCharité – University Medicine BerlinFree University and Humboldt University BerlinDavid L Burns, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineManish J Butte, MD, PhDProfessor and Division ChiefDivision of Immunology, Allergy, and RheumatologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesThomas W ButtelPatient Perspective Author – Knee osteoarthritisJill P Buyon, MDProfessor of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineDavid Cabral, MBBS, FRCPCClinical Professor of Pediatrics, Head, Division of Rheumatology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaPatrice Cacoub, MDAP HP Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical ImmunologySorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris06, Paris, FranceLeonard H Calabrese, DOProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityMatthew E Call, PhDHead of Laboratory, Structural Biology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchDepartment of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneLisa R Callahan, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineCornell University Medical CollegeFabio Candotti, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Amy Cannella, MD, MS, RhMSUSProfessor of Internal MedicineRheumatology Fellowship Program DirectorUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterJuan J Canoso, MD, MACRABC Medical Center, México City, MexicoAdjunct Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MALaura Cappelli, MD, MHSAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineDennis A Cardone, DOAssociate Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryChief, Division of Primary Care Sports MedicineNYU Langone Medical CenterThomas Carpenter, MDProfessor of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)Professor of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineMariana C Castells, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSwathy Chandrashekhar, MDNeuromuscular Medicine FellowUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterNelson J Chao, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineJulia F Charles, MD, PhDAssociate PhysicianBrigham and Women's HospitalAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolW Winn Chatham, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamTalal Chatila, MDDenise and David Bunning Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolThe Boston Children's HospitalShruti Chaturvedi, MBBS, MSCIAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineAdam S Cheifetz, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIvan K Chinn, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalRatnesh Chopra, MDAssistant ProfessorDivision of RheumatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolRoger Chou, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityLisa Christopher-Stine, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineKathy Chuang, MDInstructor in Neurology and Neuromuscular MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCo-directorMGH Paralysis ProgramChief, Neuromuscular RehabilitationMassachusetts General HospitalMaria C Cid, MDSenior ConsultantDepartment of Autoimmune DiseasesHospital ClinicAssociate ProfessorUniversity of BarcelonaSenior Group LeaderInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Megan B Clowse, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDivision of Rheumatology and ImmunologyJames R Clugston, MD, MS, FAMSSMAssociate ProfessorDepartments of Community Health and Family Medicine, and NeurologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineThomas D Coates, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineJonathan Coblyn, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDirector of Clinical Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's HospitalAdi Cohen, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterStanley Cohen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical SchoolHeidi M Connolly, MD, FACC, FASESection Editor — Congenital Heart DiseaseProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolRobin Conwit, MDProgram Director, Division of Extramural ResearchNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeSpencer T Copland, MDAdjunct Assistant Professor, Dept of Family Medicine, UNCSports Medicine Fellowship, Moses Cone Hospital SystemKaren H Costenbader, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarlton J Covey, MDAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesMorton J Cowan, MDEmeritus Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplant DivisionUniversity of California, San FranciscoWilliam J Craigen, MD, PhDProfessor of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineMarita Cross, PhDResearch FellowUniversity of Sydney Institute of Bone and Joint ResearchMarianna Crowley, MDSenior Deputy EditorDeputy Editor — AnesthesiologyAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyHarvard Medical SchoolMerit E Cudkowicz, MD, MScChair, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalProfessor of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolGarret J Cullen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical ScienceCharlotte Cunningham-Rundles, MD, PhDDavid S Gottesman Professor of ImmunologyMount Sinai School of MedicineGary C Curhan, MD, ScDSection Editor — Chronic Kidney DiseaseEditor-in-Chief EmeritusClinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBradford L Currier, MDProfessor of Orthopedics and NeurosurgeryMayo ClinicMaria Dall'Era, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoReza Dana, MD, MPH, MScClaes Dohlman Professor of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolJames M Daniels, MD, MPH, RMSKProfessor of Family & Community Medicine and Orthopedic SurgeryVice Chair and Director of Scholarly ActivityDepartment of Family & Community MedicineSouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSonye K Danoff, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineJasmeen Dara, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of California San FranciscoBasil T Darras, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolWilliam S David, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolJohn M Davis, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceMark DP Davis, MD, FAADProfessor and ChairDepartment of DermatologyMayo Clinic RochesterBess Dawson-Hughes, MDTeam Leader - Bone Metabolism LaboratoryProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineFilip De Keyser, MD, PhDProfessor of RheumatologyGhent UniversityDeirdre De Ranieri, MD, RhMSUSAssistant Professor in PediatricsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineCooper Dean, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineFatma Dedeoglu, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBent Deleuran, DMScProfessorConsultantDepartment of RheumatologyAarhus University Hospital and Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityPaul F Dellaripa, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChristopher P Denton, MDProfessor of Experimental RheumatologyRoyal Free Hospital, LondonRichard Derby, MDPrimary Care Sports Medicine HSHS Medical Group, O’Fallon, ILAssistant Professor of Family Medicine/Sports MedicineSt. Louis University Family Medicine Residency ProgramUmesh S Deshmukh, PhDAssociate MemberOklahoma Medical Research FoundationLeticia Alle Deveza, MD, PhDDepartment of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore HospitalInstitute of Bone and Joint Research, Sydney Medical SchoolKolling Institute of Medical Research, University of SydneyKevin deWeber, MD, FAMSSM, FAAFP, FACSMDirector, SW Washington Sports Medicine FellowshipVancouver, WAAffiliate Associate Professor of Family MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityClinical Assistant Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineRichard A Deyo, MD, MPHProfessor EmeritusDepartment of Family Medicine, Department of MedicineOregon Institute of Occupational Health Services, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPierre A d'Hemecourt, MDLecturer in Sports MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolGary A Dildy, III, MD, FACOG, CPHQ, CPPSClinical Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineMazen M Dimachkie, MDExecutive Vice Chairman & Neuromuscular Division DirectorProfessor – Department of NeurologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterAngela Dispenzieri, MDSerene M. and Frances C. Durling Professor of Medicine and of Laboratory Medicine, and PathologyMayo ClinicJ Bryan Dixon, MDClinical Associate Professor of Family MedicineMichigan State University College of Human MedicineMichael Doherty, MA, MD, FRCP, FHEAEmeritus Professor of Medicine The University of Nottingham, UKMorna J Dorsey, MD, MSProfessor, Director of Allergy/Immunology ProgramUniversity of California, San FranciscoMatthew T Drake, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo ClinicTimothy Ryan Draper, DO, AAFP, CAQ Sports MedicineAssistant Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineAssociate Program DirectorCone Health Sports MedicineAlison M Duncombe, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPTCoordinator of Outpatient Rehab ServicesUI Health/University of IllinoisChristopher C Dvorak, MDProfessor of PediatricsChief, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology & Bone Marrow TransplantationUniversity of California San FranciscoDaniel F Dwyer, PhDInstructor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyBrigham and Women's HospitalRichard Eastell, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSciProfessor of Bone Metabolism, Head of the Academic Unit of Bone MetabolismDirector of the Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of SheffieldMichael Ehrenfeld, MDSheba Medical Center, IsraelGhada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineAmerican University of Beirut Medical Center, LebanonKeith Elkon, MDMannik-Henderson Professor of MedicineHead, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of WashingtonAndrew I Elkwood, MD, MBA, FACSPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeonThe Institute for Advanced Reconstruction at The Plastic Surgery CenterFounder and Co-DirectorCenter for Treatment of Paralysis & Reconstructive Nerve SurgeryHackensack Meridian Health, Jersey Shore University Medical CenterLauren B Elman, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineBryant R England, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center & Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care SystemScott K Epstein, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineMichael Erdil, MD, FACOEMAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineDivision of Occupational Medicine University of Connecticut School of MedicineGreg A Erens, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory University School of MedicineDoruk Erkan, MD, MPHAttending Rheumatologist, Hospital for Special SurgeryProfessor of Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineAmos Etzioni, MDProfessor Emeritus of Pediatrics and ImmunologyThe Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, HaifaJillian P Eyles, BAppSc (Physiotherapy), PhDInstitute of Bone & Joint ResearchKolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney Medical SchoolRonald J Falk, MDNan and Hugh Cullman Eminent Professor of NephrologyChair, Department of MedicineDirector, UNC Kidney CenterUniversity of North Carolina-Chapel HillBrian M Feldman, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenAndrew Z Fenves, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Nephrology and Department of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalMarcela A Ferrada, MDStaff ClinicianNIAMSJill Ferrari, PhD, BScSenior Lecturer, PodiatryUniversity of East London, United KingdomFernando C Fervenza, MD, PhDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineKarl B Fields, MDEditor-in-Chief — Primary Care Sports Medicine (Adolescents and Adults)Section Editor — Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Recovery; Sports-Related Injuries; Symptom Assessment and Physical ExaminationProfessor of Family Medicine and Sports MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillHonorary Senior ResearcherWITS Institute for Sport & Health (WISH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJoel S Finkelstein, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolGary S Firestein, MDDistinguished Professor of MedicineSenior Associate Vice Chancellor of Health SciencesUC San Diego School of MedicineSteven Flamm, MDProfessor of MedicineRush Medical CollegeRush University Thomas A Fleisher, MDScientist Emeritus, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthExecutive Vice President, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and ImmunologyAndrew Fontenot, MDHenry N. Claman Professor of Medicine, Division Head, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of Colorado, School of MedicineKatherine Walker Foster, MDClinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineRobert Fox, MD, PhDSection Editor — Sjögren's syndromeMember, Rheumatology ClinicScripps Memorial Hospital and Ximed Medical GroupPatrick M Foye, MDProfessor of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationDirector, Coccyx Pain CenterRutgers University New Jersey Medical SchoolGeorge E Fragoulis, MDFellow, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowAlexandra F Freeman, MDSenior ClinicianNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesAndrew French, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineRyan P Friedberg, MDClinical Instructor, Department of Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKevin Friedman, MDPediatric Cardiologist, Boston Children's HospitalAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesAngelo L Gaffo, MD, MsPHRheumatology Section ChiefBirmingham VA Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamNestor Galvez-Jimenez, MD, MSc, MHSA, FACPThe Pauline M. Braathen Endowed Chair Chairman, Department of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Florida Clinical Professor of Neurology Herbert Wertheim College of MedicineMatthew Gammons, MDSection Editor — Adult Orthopedics; Sports-Related InjuriesMedical Director of Sport MedicineVermont Orthopaedic ClinicMaureen R Gecht-Silver, OTD, MPH, OTR/LAssistant Professor of Clinical Family MedicineClinical Assistant Professor of Occupational TherapyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoJeffrey M Gelfand, MD, MAS, FAANAssociate Professor of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoAndrew Gennery, MDProfessor/ConsultantNewcastle UniversityAllan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLMProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineAttending Rheumatologist and Co-Director, Clinic for Inflammatory Arthritis and Biologic TherapyHospital for Special SurgeryAttending PhysicianNew York Presbyterian HospitalConsultant PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterSummer Gibson, MDAssistant Professor and CNC Medical Director of NeurologyDivision of Neuromuscular Medicine, University of UtahDonald L Gilbert, MD, MSProfessor of Pediatrics and Neurology; Director, Movement Disorders and Tourette Syndrome ClinicsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterJon T Giles, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia University, Vagelos School of Physicians & SurgeonsDafna D Gladman, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoDon L Goldenberg, MDSection Editor — Pain Disorders in RheumatologyEmeritus Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineAffiliate Instructor, Rheumatology Division, Oregon Health Science UniversityAffiliate Instructor, School of Nursing Oregon Health Sciences UniversityClifton L Gooch, MDProfessor and Chair, Department of NeurologyUniversity of South FloridaPeter D Gorevic, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and PathologyStony Brook MedicineProfessor of Medicine, RheumatologyMount Sinai School of MedicineCarmen Gota, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityNamita A Goyal, MDProfessor of NeurologyUC IrvineRodney Grahame, MD, FRCP, FACPHonorary ProfessorUniversity College LondonAffiliate ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonEllen M Gravallese, MDTheodore Bevier BaylesProfessor of MedicineChief, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityBrigham and Women's HospitalJocelyn R Gravlee, MDClinical Associate Professor of Community Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineBenjamin Greenberg, MD, MHSDirector, Transverse Myelitis, Neuromyelitis Optica and Pediatric Demyelinating Disease ProgramUT Southwestern Medical CenterChildren's Medical Center DallasSteven A Greenberg, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMegan Groh Miller, MDPrimary Care Sports Medicine SpecialistUPMC Tri-Rivers Musculoskeletal CentersHead Team PhysicianSlippery Rock UniversityAlexei A Grom, MDProfessor of PediatricsCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of RheumatologyEyal Grunebaum, MDProfessor in PediatricsUniversity of TorontoMonica Guma, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLaurie Gutmann, MDSection Editor - Neuromuscular Disorders (Neurology)Professor and Chair, Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of Medicine Indiana University HealthBevra H Hahn, MDProfessor of Medicine (emeritus) in RheumatologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLASihoun Hahn, MD, PhDSection Editor — GeneticsProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's HospitalRula A Hajj-Ali, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineAlan J Hakim, MB BChir, MA, FRCPConsultant Rheumatologist, The Hypermobility UnitThe Wellington Hospital, LondonKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityIan Harris, AM, MBBS, MMed(Clin Epi), MSc(HDS), PhDProfessor of Orthopaedic Surgery, South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW SydneyProfessor, Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of SydneyDirector, Whitlam Orthopaedic Research Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchCarol Hartigan, MDMedical DirectorNew England Baptist Hospital Spine Center Assistant Clinical Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical SchoolRobert L Hatch, MD, MPHProfessor of Family MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineJohn R Hatzenbuehler, MD, FACSMSt. Luke's Wood River Family MedicineHoward W Hauptman, MDChief of RheumatologyGreater Baltimore Medical CenterCurtis W Hayes, MDProfessor Emeritus of RadiologyDepartment of RadiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityVCU School of MedicineJennifer Heimall, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaSimon M Helfgott, MDSection Editor — General Rheumatology and Related TopicsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRobert Henderson, MDDirector of NeurologyRoyal Brisbane & Women's HospitalVivian P Hernandez-Trujillo, MDClinical Associate Professor of PediatricsHerbert Wertheim School of MedicineFlorida International UniversityLloyd A Hey, MD, MSAssociate Professor, Campbell University School of Osteopathic MedicineAssociate Professor, North Carolina State University, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical EngineeringHarry R Hill, MDEmeritus Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics and Adjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineMary Beth Hogan, MDProfessor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineSteven M Holland, MDDirector, Intramural ResearchNIAIDLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDLesley D Hordon, MDConsultant in RheumatologyUniversity of Leeds, United KingdomRobert W Hostoffer, DO, LhD, MSMed, MBA, FACOP, FAAP, FACOI, FCCPAssociate ProfessorCase Western Reserve UniversityProfessorLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineAllyson S Howe, MD, FAAFP, CAQ Sports MedicineAssistant Professor of Family and Sports MedicineTufts UniversityStephen Hulkower, MDAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineGene G Hunder, MDSection Editor — VasculitisEmeritus ConsultantProfessor EmeritusMayo Clinic College of MedicineAlice A Hunter, MDStaff OrthopedistLahey Hospital and Medical CenterClare Hutchinson, MDCM, FRCPCPediatric RheumatologistUniversity of TorontoMark R Hutchinson, MD, FACSM, FAAOSDistinguished Professor of Orthopaedics and Sports MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoKimme Hyrich, MD, PhD, FRCPCProfessor of Epidemiology and Honorary Consultant in RheumatologyCentre for Musculoskeletal ResearchInstitute of Inflammation and RepairThe University of ManchesterRobert D Inman, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FRCP EdinProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyUniversity of TorontoMary Lloyd Ireland, MDAssociate Professor of Sports MedicineUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineZacharia Isaac, MDSection Editor — Soft Tissue Rheumatic DiseaseAssistant Professor in Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolJonathan Jackson, MDAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBret C Jacobs, DO, MAClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Family Medicine and Community HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiJeffrey G Jarvik, MD, MPHProfessor, Radiology and Neurological SurgeryAdjunct Professor, Health Services, Pharmacy, and Orthopedics & Sports MedicineDirector, Comparative Effectiveness, Cost and Outcomes Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonNeeru Jayanthi, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopedics and Family Medicine, Emory Sports Medicine CenterDirector, Emory Tennis MedicineSindhu R Johnson, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of RheumatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of TorontoRichard B Johnston, Jr, MDEmeritus Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineNational Jewish HealthStephen Jolles, BSc Hons, MBChB Hons, MSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPathConsultant Clinical Immunologist & Honorary Senior LecturerImmunodeficiency Centre for WalesUniversity Hospital of WalesLynne C Jones, PhDAssociate Professor, Orthopaedic SurgeryDirector, Center for Osteonecrosis Research and EducationJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCecilia Matilda Jude, MDClinical Professor of RadiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAHarald Jüppner, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSoma C Jyonouchi, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of PennsylvaniaAndre A Kaplan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterKristine A Karlson, MDAssociate Professor of Community and Family Medicine and OrthopedicsDartmouth Medical SchoolJeffrey N Katz, MD, MScProfessor of Medicine and Orthopedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolMatthew R Kaufman, MD, FACSClinical Assistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryThe David Geffen UCLA Medical CenterCo-DirectorCenter for Treatment of Paralysis & Reconstructive Nerve SurgeryHackensack Meridian HealthJersey Shore University Medical CenterJonathan Kay, MDProfessor of Medicine and Population & Quantitative Health SciencesTimothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson Chair in RheumatologyDirector of Clinical Research, RheumatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolStephanie A Kaye-Barrett, MDConsultant and Honorary Lecturer in RheumatologyThe Chelsea and Westminster HospitalAnuwat Keerasuntornpong, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesSiriraj Hospital Mahidol University, BangkokDavid Keith, BDS, FDSRCS, DMDProfessor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard School of Dental MedicineVisiting OMFS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MAMichael Keller, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesDivision of Allergy and ImmunologyChildren's National HospitalHillary R Kelly, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolChaouki Khoury, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Neurology and Child NeurologyTexas A&M Health Sciences CenterSusan Kim, MD, MMScAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of California, San FranciscoYukiko Kimura, MDProfessor of PediatricsHackensack Meridian School of MedicineDivision Chief of Pediatric RheumatologyJoseph M Sanzari Children's HospitalHackensack University Medical CenterTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoBruce Kirkham, BA, MD, FRCP, FRACPConsultant Rheumatologist, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UKHonorary Reader, King's College LondonMarisa Klein-Gitelman, MD, MPHSection Editor — Pediatric RheumatologyChief, Division of RheumatologyAnn & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoProfessor of PediatricsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineMargreet Kloppenburg, MD, PhDProfessor of RheumatologyLeids Universitair Medisch CentrumChristopher L Knight, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonJason S Knight, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAlan P Knutsen, MDDirector, Pediatric Allergy and ImmunologyDirector, Jeffery Modell Diagnostic & Research Center for Primary ImmunodeficienciesProfessor of PediatricsSt. Louis University Health Sciences CenterScott M Koehler, MDPhysician, Sports Medicine SpecialistAllina Health, Northfield, MinnesotaDonald B Kohn, MDProfessor, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics; Pediatrics; and Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesMilind J Kothari, DOProfessor of Neurology and Medical EducationVice-Chair, Faculty DevelopmentUSF Health, Morsani College of MedicineCamille N Kotton, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolNeil Kramer, MD, FACR, FACPDirector, Institute for Rheumatic and Autoimmune DiseasesOverlook Medical Center, Summit, NJJoel M Kremer, MDPfaff Family Professor and Chair in MedicineThe Albany Medical CollegeGuha Krishnaswamy, MD, FACP, FCCP, FACAAI, FAAAI, CC-DProfessor of Medicine and Infectious DiseasesWake Forest University School of MedicineFéline Kroon, MDDepartment of RheumatologyLeiden University Medical CenterDaniela Kroshinsky, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Kruse, MDPrimary Care Sports MedicineOrthopaedic Specialty InstituteGeoffrey Kuhlman, MD, CAQSM, FAAFPPhysicianAMITA Health Medical GroupFormer Team PhysicianUnited States National Soccer TeamsAttila Kumánovics, MDDirector, Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicIrving Kushner, MDProfessor EmeritusCase Western Reserve UniversityDavid Lacomis, MDProfessor of Neurology and PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineShafeeq S Ladha, MDProfessor of Clinical NeurologyIra A and Mary Lou Fulton Chair in Motor Neuron DiseasesBarrow Neurological InstituteFiona R Lake, MD, FRACPClinical ProfessorSir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Department of HealthTimothy R LaPine, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineShane L Larson, MDAssistant Professor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesMaria J Leandro, MD, PhDConsultant RheumatologistUniversity College Hospital, LondonPui Y Lee, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMichael D Leise, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineDeborah J Lenschow, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Molecular MicrobiologyWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisNelson Leung, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineFraser J Leversedge, MDProfessor and Chief, Section of Hand, Wrist and Elbow SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of MedicineKerry Levin, MDChairman, Department of NeurologyCleveland ClinicProfessorCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineJoshua M Levine, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaDeborah M Levy, MD, MS, FRCPCAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoOfer Levy, MD, PhDDirector, Precision Vaccines ProgramProfessor, Harvard Medical SchoolE Michael Lewiecki, MDDirectorNew Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis CenterSuzanne C Li, MD, PhDSection Editor — Pediatric RheumatologyProfessor of PediatricsHackensack Meridian School of MedicineKatherine P Liao, MD, MPHAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolRodger A Liddle, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical SchoolCornelis J Lips, MD, PhDProfessor of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, The NetherlandsM Kathryn Liszewski, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineThomas E Lloyd, MD, PhDCodirector, Johns Hopkins Myositis CenterProfessor of Neurology and NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineMichael D Lockshin, MD, MACRDirectorBarbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic DiseaseProfessor of Medicine and Obstetrics-GynecologyJoan and Sanford Weill College of Medicine of Cornell UniversityCharles J Lockwood, MD, MHCMSection Editor — ObstetricsSenior Vice President, USF Health Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South FloridaRichard F Loeser, MDJoseph P Archie, Jr Eminent ProfessorDivision of Rheumatology, Allergy, and ImmunologyDirector, Thurston Arthritis Research CenterThe University of North CarolinaKarine Louati, MDDepartment of RheumatologyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B)Pierre & Marie Curie University Paris 06 – INSERM UMR_S 938, Paris, FranceJames MacDonald, MD, MPH, FAAFP, FACSMNationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Sports MedicineClinical Professor of Pediatrics and Family Medicine The Ohio State UniversityColm C Magee, MD, MPH, FRCPIClinical Lecturer in MedicineRoyal College of SurgeonsRajeev Malhotra, MD, MSAssociate DirectorCardiac Intensive Care UnitHarvard Medical School and Massachusetts General HospitalEwelina Mamcarz, MDAssociate Member, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cellular TherapySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalLisa A Mandl, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeJohn P Manis, MDAssociate Professor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolJoint Program in Transfusion MedicineBoston Children's HospitalMichael Mannstadt, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolStavros C Manolagas, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesNicholas J Maragakis, MDProfessor of NeurologyJohns Hopkins UniversityLyn March, AM, MD, PhDLiggins Professor of Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal EpidemiologyUniversity of Sydney Institute of Bone and Joint ResearchBeatriz E Marciano, MDLaboratory of Clinical Infectious DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthRebecca Marsh, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of Clinical PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineGregory M Martin, MDAffiliate Assistant Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Miami Leonard School of MedicineElena M Massarotti, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEric L Matteson, MD, MPHSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyDivision of RheumatologyProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineKaren L Maughan, MDAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of VirginiaRex McCallum, MDProfessor of Medicine/RheumatologyDuke UniversityLeo McCluskey, MD, MBEALS Program Director, Atrium Health NeurosciencesCarolinas Medical CenterW Joseph McCune, MD, MACRMichael H and Marcia S Klein Professor of Rheumatic DiseasesDirector, Lupus Program, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of MichiganDouglas McDonald, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolTodd McGrath, MD, CAQSMAssistant ProfessorWeill Cornell Medical CollegeAssistant Attending Physician, Primary Sports MedicineHospital for Special Surgery, New York, NYWilliam P Meehan, III, MDDirector of The Micheli Center for Sports Injury PreventionDivision of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolNoshir R Mehta, DMD, MSProfessor EmeritusDepartment of Public Health and Community ServiceTufts University School of Dental MedicineAlec L Meleger, MDAssistant Professor of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolSpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalNewton-Wellesley HospitalPeter A Merkel, MD, MPHSection Editor — VasculitisChief, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaJoseph F Merola, MD, MMSc, FAAD, FACRAssociate Professor, Departments of Dermatology and MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTony Merriman, PhDProfessorUniversity of OtagoProfessorUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamThomas J Mezzanotte, MDOrthopaedic TraumatologistMcLeod Regional Medical CenterLyle J Micheli, MDDirector, Division of Sports MedicineBoston Children’s HospitalClinical Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolSecretary GeneralInternational Federation of Sports MedicineTed R Mikuls, MD, MSPHStokes-Shackleford Professor of RheumatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha VA Medical CenterPaul D Miller, MDDistinguished Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterJeffrey E Ming, MD, PhDAdjunct Assistant Professor of PediatricsThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineShahla Modarresi, MDClinical Professor of RadiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAJohn F Modlin, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus)Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthPayam Mohammadinejad, MDResearch FellowMayo Clinic College of MedicineMichael A Mont, MDDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryVice President, Strategic InitiativesSystem Chief of Joint ReconstructionOrthopaedic Institute at Lenox HillSydney Montesi, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTerry L Moore, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologySaint Louis UniversityStefan Moosmayer, MD, PhDConsultant Orthopedic SurgeonDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryMartina Hansens HospitalLarry W Moreland, MDUniversity of Colorado, School of MedicineKimberly Morish*ta, MD, MHSc, FRCPCClinical Associate Professor of PediatricsDivision of Rheumatology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaR Sean Morrison, MDSection Editor — Selected End Stage ConditionsHermann Merkin Professor of Palliative CareMount Sinai School of MedicineDavid B Mount, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate/Clinical Chief, Renal DivisionBrigham and Women's HospitalRenal Division, VA BostonHaralampos M Moutsopoulos, MD, FACP, FRCP, Master ACREmeritus Professor, School of MedicineUniversity of Ioannina, University of AthensMonica Mukherjee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University Division of CardiologySuraj Ashok Muley, MD, FAAN, FACPMedical Director of NeuroimmunologyBob Bove Neuroscience Institute at HonorhealthSean W Mulvaney, MDAssociate ProfessorMilitary and Emergency MedicineUniformed University of the Health SciencesFrancesco Muratore, MDRheumatology UnitAzienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS – di Reggio EmiliaPatrick H Nachman, MD, FASNDirector, Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionDirector, Minnesota Multidisciplinary Vasculitis ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaElie Naddaf, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyMayo ClinicSara Neal, MDProfessor of Family MedicineMoses Cone Health SystemRobert S Negrin, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineTuhina Neogi, MD, PhD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineProfessor of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthPaul Newey, MDSenior Lecturer in Endocrinology, Division of Molecular & Clinical MedicineNinewells Hospital & Medical School, University of DundeePatrick Niaudet, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NephrologyProfessor of PediatricsHôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, FranceThomas Nickolas, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, NephrologyTim Niehues, MDProfessor of PediatricsHELIOS Klinikum KrefeldAcademic Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityKarin Nielsen-Saines, MD, MPHProfessor of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUCLA Mattel Children's Hospital David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAPeter A Nigrovic, MDPrince Turki Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolChief, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalDouglas R Nordli, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pediatric NeurologyProfessor and Chief of Child NeurologyUniversity of ChicagoLuigi D Notarangelo, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyBethesda, MDMichael J O'Brien, MDDirector of the Sports Concussion ClinicDivision of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalAssistant Professor of OrthopedicsHarvard Medical SchoolHans D Ochs, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonFrancis G O'Connor, MD, MPH, FACSMSection Editor — Sports-Related Injuries; Symptom Assessment and Physical Examination; Medical Issues Related to Sports and ExerciseProfessor of Military and Emergency MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesJames R O'Dell, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisRobert L Grissom Professor and Vice Chairman Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterErin O'Ferrall, MDAssistant ProfessorMcGill UniversityJeffrey W Olin, DOProfessor of Medicine (Cardiology)Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiVoon Ong, PhD, FRCPAssociate Professor in RheumatologyCentre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue DiseasesUniversity College London Medical SchoolRoyal Free Campus, LondonPuneet Opal, MD, PhDProfessor of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityJordan S Orange, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — Allergy and ImmunologySection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsColumbia UniversityThomas L Ortel, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine & PathologyHemostasis & Thrombosis Center, Duke UniversityAlison M Pack, MDProfessor of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterYoram C Padeh, MDInstructor in Clinical MedicineMount Sinai Medical CenterJulie J Paik, MD, MHSAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine – Division of RheumatologyRichard S Panush, MD, MACP, MACRProfessor of Medicine, Division of RheumatologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaJustin Paoloni, MBBS, BSc, PhD, MSpMed, FACSPAssociate Professor of Orthopaedics and Sports MedicineUniversity of New South WalesGeorge N Papaliodis, MDDirector, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis ServiceHarvard Medical SchoolKenneth Paris, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsLSU Health Sciences Center New OrleansCraig Parsons, MS, PTThe Physical Therapy NetworkMark S Pasternack, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJon Patricios, MBBCh, MMedSci, FACSM, FFSEM (UK), FFIMSProfessor, Wits Sport and Health (WiSH)School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand, South AfricaSusan P Pauker, MD, FACMGAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolChief, Medical GeneticsHarvard Vanguard Medical AssociatesSassan Pazirandeh, MDDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKaiser Permanente Medical CenterVictoria S Pelak, MDProfessor of Neurology and OphthalmologyUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and OphthalmologyMark A Perazella, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineElena E Perez, MD, PhDAssociateAllergy Associates of the Palm BeachesFernando Perez-Ruiz, MD, PhDAssociated ProfessorUniversity of the Basque Country Medicine and Nursing SchoolDavid J Petron, MDAssociate Professor, Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of UtahKristine Phillips, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Medicine / RheumatologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterMonica L Piecyk, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid S Pisetsky, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Systemic Lupus ErythematosusProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterCraig D Platt, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolStaff Physician, Division of ImmunologyBoston Children's HospitalRaoul Poupon, MDProfessor of Hepatology and GastroenterologyUniversity Pierre et Marie CurieUPMC, Sorbonne University, Paris, FranceTore A Prestgaard, MDDepartment of Neurology, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Drammen Hospital, NorwayBoard Member of the Scandinavian Foundation of Medicine and Science in SportsJennifer M Puck, MDSection Editor — Immunology and ImmunodeficiencyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California, San FranciscoCraig R Purdam, DSc M Sports PhysioProfessor, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, AustraliaProfessor, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, AustraliaMargot Putukian, MD, FACSM, FAMSSMDirector of Athletic MedicinePrinceton UniversityAssociate Clinical ProfessorRobert Wood Johnson Medical School - University of Medicine & Dentistry of New JerseyDianna Quan, MDProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of MedicineL Darryl Quarles, MDSection Editor — Renal OsteodystrophyDirector, Division of NephrologyAssociate Dean for ResearchThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterColin Quinn, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaBenjamin A Raby, MD, MPHSection Editor — GeneticsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJai Radhakrishnan, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterMeera Raghavan, MDDiagnostic RadiologistBanner MD Anderson Cancer CenterCatherine Rogers Rainbow, MD, SMCAQClinical InstructorUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineS Vincent Rajkumar, MDSection Editor — Plasma Cell DisordersEdward W and Betty Knight Scripps Professor of MedicineMayo ClinicVirginia Reddy, MDRheumatologistTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasJonathan Rees, FRCP (UK), FFSEM (UK), MDConsultant in Sports Medicine and RheumatologyFortius Clinic London Honorary Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise MedicineQueen Mary College LondonKarina Reyner Pauly, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTexas A&M College of MedicineNima Rezaei, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical ImmunologyTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNicholas L Rider, DOAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, Allergy and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineRenee Z Rinaldi, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineThe David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLADavid Ring, MD, PhDAssociate Dean for Comprehensive CareDell Medical School, University of Texas at AustinChristopher Ritchlin, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterSarah Rubia Robbins, BPhty, PhDPostdoctoral AssociateDepartment of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore HospitalInstitute of Bone and Joint Research, Sydney Medical SchoolKolling Institute of Medical Research, University of SydneyWilliam O Roberts, MD, MS, FACSMProfessor of Family Medicine and Community HealthUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolW Neal Roberts, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyDario Roccatello, MDProfessor of Nephrology and Clinical PathologyUniversity of Turin Medical SchoolChaim M Roifman, CM, MD, FRCPC, FCACBProfessor of Pediatrics and ImmunologyUniversity of Toronto, CanadaNeil Romberg, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of PennsylvaniaAttending PhysicianChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaClifford J Rosen, MDSection Editor — Bone DiseaseProfessor of NutritionUniversity of MaineProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineHarold N Rosen, MDAssociate Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBruce D RosenblumPatient Perspective Author – Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisRobert S Rosenson, MDSection Editor — LipidsProfessor of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineDirector, Metabolism and LipidsMount Sinai Health SystemElliot D Rosenstein, MD, FACR, FACPDirector, Institute for Rheumatic & Autoimmune DiseasesOverlook Medical Center, Summit, NJProfessor of Medicine, Division of RheumatologySidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityAnn K Rosenthal, MD, FACPWill and Cava Ross Professor of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinDouglas S Ross, MDSection Editor — Thyroid DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJohn M Routes, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology/ImmunologyDepartment of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Medical College of WisconsinDevon I Rubin, MDProfessor of NeurologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceArye Rubinstein, MDProfessor of Pediatrics Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Hospital Medical CenterAnthony S Russell, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaSeward B Rutkove, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamCarlo Salvarani, MDProfessor of RheumatologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaAzienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS – di Reggio Emilia and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di ModenaLisa R Sammaritano, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineVidya Sankar, DMD, MHSTufts School of Dental MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic ScienceDivision Director of Oral MedicineCourtney Schadt, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of LouisvilleDivision of DermatologySteven J Scheinman, MDDean EmeritusGeisinger Commonwealth School of MedicinePeter H Schur, MDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Basic ScienceProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlexander Scott, PhD, RPTAssociate Professor of Physical TherapyUniversity of British ColumbiaMarkus G Seidel, MDProfessor of Translational Pediatric Hematology and ImmunologyMedical University of GrazPhilip Seo, MD, MHSDeputy Editor — RheumatologyAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineChristine M Seroogy, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin Medical SchoolSanjeev Sethi, MD, PhDProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineAmi A Shah, MD, MHSAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineSanjiv Shah, MDStone Professor of MedicineDivision of Cardiology, Department of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineElizabeth Shane, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterJeremy M Shefner, MD, PhDSection Editor — Neuromuscular DiseaseProfessor of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Professor of Neurology, University of Arizona, Phoenix Clinical Professor of Neurology, Creighton UniversityNadine Shehata, MD, MSc, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineDepartments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and PathologyDivision of HematologyUniversity of TorontoPaul Shekelle, MDProfessor of MedicineUCLA Medical SchoolMeagan W Shepherd, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineScott C Sherman, MDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineRush Medical CollegeDavid D Sherry, MDProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaRobert H Shmerling, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolYehuda Shoenfeld, MDSheba Medical Center, IsraelDalton E Sholter, MD, FRCPCAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaShonni J Silverberg, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsLaura Simionescu, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUpstate Medical University and University HospitalBarry P Simmons, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolStephen M Simons, MD, FACSMCo-DirectorSouth Bend-Notre Dame Sports Medicine FellowshipAlbert L Siu, MD, MSPHProfessorDepartment of Geriatrics and Pallative MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineMark Slabaugh, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniformed Services University of Health SciencesOrthopedics and Joint ReplacementMercy Medical Center, BaltimoreA Gordon Smith, MDProfessor and Chair of NeurologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityEllison L Smith, MDAsheville Arthritis and Osteoporosis CenterClinical Associate Professor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineJohn Kelly Smith, MDFellow and Laureate ACP, Fellow American Association of Certified AllergistEmeritus Professor of MedicineJames H Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityNicole A Smith, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolStacy E Smith, MDChief and Distinguished Barbara N Weissman ChairDivision of Musculoskeletal Imaging and InterventionDepartment of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolJosef S Smolen, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and Emeritus ChairmanMedical University of ViennaScott B Snapper, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel H Solomon, MD, MPHMatthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population HealthProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMary Beth F Son, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolTaunton R Southwood, MD, FRACP, FRCPA, FRCP, FRCPCHEmeritus ProfessorUniversity of Birmingham and Birmingham Children's HospitalE William St Clair, MDSection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisW. Lester Brooks, Jr. Professor of MedicineProfessor of ImmunologyChief, Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterIrene P Stafford, MDAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center/McGovern Medical SchoolThomas O Staiger, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineLisa K Stamp, FRACP, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchVirginia Steen, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University Medical CenterAndrew Steer, MBBS, PhD, FRACPHonorary ProfessorDepartment of Paediatrics, University of MelbournePediatric Infectious Diseases Physician, Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneDirector, Infection and Immunity Research Theme, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteE Richard Stiehm, MDDistinguished Research Professor of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAJoan M Stoler, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJohn H Stone, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThe Edward A Fox Chair in Medicine Director of Clinical RheumatologyMassachusetts General HospitalAndrea Stracciolini, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolKathleen E Sullivan, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaRobert Sundel, MDSection Editor — Pediatric RheumatologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolReema Syed, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Division of Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology Washington University in Saint LouisJonathan Taffe, MDShands Teaching PhysicianUniversity of Florida College of MedicineBaron Tang, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPTFaculty at Evidence in MotionIra N Targoff, MDSection Editor — Muscle DiseaseProfessor of Medicine, Section of RheumatologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterAndrew Tarulli, MDClinical Associate Professor of NeurologyThomas Jefferson UniversityCole Taylor, MDAssistant Professor of Family MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesPeter C Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCPNuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordJohn S Tipton, MDAdjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaStephen Titus, MDProgram DirectorBaylor Family Medicine ResidencyDerrick J Todd, MD, PhDInstructor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLouise Tofts, MB BS, MSpMed, FAFRM, FRACPSpecialist, Paediatric Rehabilitation MedicineNarrabeen Sports and Exercise Medicine CentreMichael Tolentino, MDDirector of Clinical ResearchBlue Ocean Clinical Research at the Macula CenterAssociate Professor, OphthalmologyUniversity of Central FloridaLaura Tormoehlen, MD, FACMT, FAANAssociate Professor of Clinical Neurology and Emergency Medicine-ToxicologyIndiana UniversityAstrid van Tubergen, MD, PhDProfessor of RheumatologyMaastricht University Medical CenterJohn Varga, MDFrederick G Huetwell ProfessorChief of RheumatologyUniversity of MichiganAaron Vaughan, MD, CAQSMMAHEC Family Medicine Physician, Sports Medicine DirectorPrimary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship DirectorUNC Health Sciences at MAHECJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJames Verbsky, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics and Microbiology/ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinSebastien Viatte, MD, PhDLecturer in GeneticsCentre for Genetics and Genomics Versus ArthritisThe University of Manchester, UKFrederick B Vivino, MD, MS, FACRDirector Emeritus, Penn Sjögren's Syndrome CenterProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of MedicineRuth Ann Vleugels, MD, MPH, MBAAssociate Professor in DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolTimothy J Von Fange, MDFamily Medicine and Sports Performance Clinical FacultySt. Vincent Family Medicine ResidencyGary A Walco, PhDProfessor of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics and PsychiatryUniversity of Washington School of MedicineDavid Richard Walega, MDAssociate ProfessorNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineFrancis O Walker, MDProfessor, Neuromuscular ConditionsCenter for Worker HealthWake Forest University Baptist Medical CenterDaniel J Wallace, MDProfessor of MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical CenterThe David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLABill Walter, MBBS, FRACS, PhDProfessorUniversity of SydneyJolan Walter, MD, PhDRobert A Good Chair, Associate Professor, Pediatrics and MedicineDivision Chief, Pediatric Allergy/ImmunologyUniversity of South FloridaJohns Hopkins All Children's HospitalDavid H Weinberg, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyTufts University School of MedicinePamela F Weiss, MD, MSCEAssociate ProfessorDepartments of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaDivision of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaMark H Wener, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Medicine/RheumatologyUniversity of WashingtonStephanie G Wheeler, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonPatrick Whelan, MD, PhDClinical Assistant Professor of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaClinical Associate Professor of PediatricsGeffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesFredrick M Wigley, MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineMary Elizabeth Wilson, MDClinical Professor of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoAdjunct Professor of Global Health and PopulationHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthJohn W Winkelman, MD, PhDChief, Sleep Disorders Clinical Research ProgramDepartments of Psychiatry and NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolKevin L Winthrop, MD, MPHProfessor, School of Public HealthOregon Health and Sciences UniversityProfessor, Department of MedicineOregon Health and Sciences UniversityJoyce E Wipf, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonChristopher M Wise, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University Health SystemLeanna M Wise, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineDivision of RheumatologyKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMichael J Wright, MBChB, MScConsultant in Clinical GeneticsNorthern Genetics ServiceNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustVelyn Wu, MD, FAAFPAssistant Clinical Professor, University of Florida College of MedicineJinoos Yazdany, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoYusuf Yazici, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineLeman Yel, MDAssociate Professor Emeritus of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California IrvineLinwah Yip, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineDavid T Yu, MDEmeritus ProfessorUniversity of California Los AngelesElaine W Yu, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPaul B Yu, MD, PhD, FAHAAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolShirley Yu, BSc (Med), MBBS, MPH, FRACPRoyal North Shore HospitalInstitute of Bone and Joint ResearchKolling Institute, University of SydneySydney, AustraliaAtefeh Zeinoddini, MDRadiology ResidentUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, GalvestonRobert Zeiser, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgChrista S Zerbe, MD, MSDirector, Clinical Patient Services Program Director, Infectious Disease FellowshipLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAIDDafang Zhang, MDInstructor of Orthopaedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolYongdong Zhao, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorSeattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of MedicineStéphane Zuily, MD, MPH, PhDProfessor of MedicineNancy School of Medicine of Lorraine UniversityAttending PhysicianVascular Medicine Division, Nancy Academic HospitalFrancesco Zulian, MDChief, Pediatric Rheumatology UnitUniversity of Padua, ItalyPeer ReviewersRohit Aggarwal, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of PittsburghGraciela S Alarcón, MD, MPHJane Knight Lowe Chair of Medicine in RheumatologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRoy D Altman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California at Los Angeles School of MedicineAnthony A Amato, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolLuis Beltran, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolEldad Ben-Chetrit, MDProfessor of MedicineHadassah-Hebrew University Medical SchoolShamik Bhattacharyya, MD, MSAssistant Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolPhilip E Blazar, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolDennis W Boulware, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamJerry D Brewer, MD, MS, FAADProfessor of DermatologyMayo Clinic College of MedicinePeter H Byers, MDProfessor Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyProfessor Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics)University of WashingtonSeattle, WALeonard H Calabrese, DOProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityJeffrey Callen, MD, FACP, FAADEditor-in-Chief — DermatologySection Editor — Skin and Systemic DiseaseProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineAmy Cannella, MD, MS, RhMSUSProfessor of Internal MedicineRheumatology Fellowship Program DirectorUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterSteven Carsons, MDChief, Division of RheumatologyNYU Winthrop HospitalProfessor of MedicineStony Brook UniversityRicard Cervera, MD, PhD, FRCPHead, Department of Autoimmune DiseasesHospital ClínicCoordinator, Master's on Autoimmune DiseasAntonia F Chen, MD, MBADirector of Research, Arthroplasty ServicesBrigham and Women's HospitalAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel Clauw, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and Medicine (Rheumatology)The University of MichiganMegan B Clowse, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDivision of Rheumatology and ImmunologyJonathan Coblyn, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDirector of Clinical Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's HospitalStanley Cohen, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical SchoolJan Willem Cohen Tervaert, MD, PhDProfessor, Director division of RheumatologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, CanadaProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyMaastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsLeslie J Crofford, MDWilson Family Chair in MedicineProfessor of Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology & ImmunologyDirector, Division of Rheumatology & ImmunologyVanderbilt UniversityReza Dana, MD, MPH, MScClaes Dohlman Professor of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolCharles Day, MD, MBAExecutive Vice ChairChief of Hand & Upper Extremity SurgeryDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryHenry Ford Health SystemFilip De Keyser, MD, PhDProfessor of RheumatologyGhent UniversityArturo Diaz, MDInstructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolWilliam P Docken, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlison M Duncombe, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPTCoordinator of Outpatient Rehab ServicesUI Health/University of IllinoisPetros Efthimiou, MDClinical Professor of MedicineNYU School of MedicineDoruk Erkan, MD, MPHAttending Rheumatologist, Hospital for Special SurgeryProfessor of Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineJoerg Ermann, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Rheumatology, Immunology and AllergyBrigham and Women's HospitalDavid A Fox, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAllan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLMProfessor of Medicine, Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineAttending Rheumatologist and Co-Director, Clinic for Inflammatory Arthritis and Biologic TherapyHospital for Special SurgeryAttending PhysicianNew York Presbyterian HospitalConsultant PhysicianMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterJon T Giles, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia University, Vagelos School of Physicians & SurgeonsAndreas H Gomoll, MDAssociate Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeSimon M Helfgott, MDSection Editor — General Rheumatology and Related TopicsAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAriane Herrick, MDSenior Lecturer in RheumatologyUniversity of ManchesterMarc C Hochberg, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineRoland Jonsson, DMD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of BergenCees GM Kallenberg, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenPatricia Katz, PhDProfessor of Medicine and Health PolicyUniversity of California San FranciscoArthur Kavanaugh, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California at San Diego School of MedicineJonathan Kay, MDProfessor of Medicine and Population & Quantitative Health SciencesTimothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson Chair in RheumatologyDirector of Clinical Research, RheumatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolMuhammad Asim Khan, MD, FRCP, MACP, MACRProfessor Emeritus of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OHJoel M Kremer, MDPfaff Family Professor and Chair in MedicineThe Albany Medical CollegeVasileios Kyttaris, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRobert Lahita, MD, PhDDirector of St. Joseph's Institute for Autoimmune and Rheumatic DiseasesProfessor of MedicineHackensack Meridian School of MedicineClinical Professor of MedicineRutgers, New Jersey Medical SchoolEric L Matteson, MD, MPHSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyDivision of RheumatologyProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJamal A Mikdashi, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicinePaul Monach, MD, PhDRheumatology SectionVA Boston Healthcare SystemAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolJennifer Nashel, MDInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterMarianna Newkirk, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineMcGill UniversityMonika Østensen, MDProfessor of RheumatologyDepartment of RheumatologySorlandet Hospital HFKristiansand, NorwayNicolò Pipitone, MD, PhDConsultant RheumatologistU.O. di ReumatologiaDavid S Pisetsky, MD, PhDEditor-in-Chief — RheumatologySection Editor — Systemic Lupus ErythematosusProfessor of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterManuel Ramos-Casals, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of BarcelonaAnthony M Reginato, MD, PhDInstructor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIan R Reid, MDProfessor of Medicine and EndocrinologyUniversity of Auckland, New ZealandJohn D Reveille, MDProfessor and Director, Division of RheumatologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonRobert AS Roubey, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamLisa R Sammaritano, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineSergio Schwartzman, MDFranchellie M. Cadwell ChairWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityRobert H Shmerling, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolEthel Siris, MDSection Editor — Disorders of BoneMadeline C. Stabile Professor of Clinical MedicineColumbia UniversityDaniel H Solomon, MD, MPHMatthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population HealthProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJeffrey A Sparks, MD, MMScAssistant Professor of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolE William St Clair, MDSection Editor — Rheumatoid ArthritisW. Lester Brooks, Jr. Professor of MedicineProfessor of ImmunologyChief, Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterAndrew L Terrono, MD, FAOAChief Hand SurgeryNew England Baptist HospitalClinical Professor OrthopedicsTufts UniversityCo-Director Hand Surgery FellowshipTufts UniversityDerrick J Todd, MD, PhDInstructor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAstrid van Tubergen, MD, PhDProfessor of RheumatologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMark H Wener, MDSection Editor — Diagnostic Issues in RheumatologyProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Medicine/RheumatologyUniversity of WashingtonHasan Yazici, MDProfessor of MedicineCerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul

CloseAuthors and Editors in Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineAuthors and Editors in Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineEditors-in-ChiefPeter J Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRSEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — AsthmaProfessor of MedicineNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, LondonTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoPolly E Parsons, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Critical CareProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineDeputy EditorsPaul Dieffenbach, MDDeputy Editor — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineInstructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Physician, Brigham and Women's HospitalGeraldine Finlay, MDSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineAssociate ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineSection EditorsPeter J Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRSEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — AsthmaProfessor of MedicineNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, LondonV Courtney Broaddus, MDSection Editor — Pleural DiseaseProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoHenri G Colt, MDSection Editor — Interventional PulmonologyProfessor Emeritus University of CaliforniaAnne E Dixon, BM, BChSection Editor — AsthmaProfessor of MedicineUniversity of VermontJames D Douketis, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCPSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor, Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityDavid J Feller-Kopman, MDSection Editor — Interventional PulmonologyChief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine — Dartmouth Hitchco*ck Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine — Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth CollegeKevin R Flaherty, MD, MSSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health SystemNishant Gupta, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiRamsey R Hachem, MDSection Editor — Lung TransplantationProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineUmur Hatipoglu, MD, MBASection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoRobert M Kotloff, MDSection Editor — Lung TransplantationProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineMonica Kraft, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary; Adult AsthmaMurray M. Rosenberg Professor and System ChairSamuel Bronfman Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMount Sinai Health SystemJoyce S Lee, MDSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor, Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineDirector, Interstitial Lung Disease ProgramUniversity of Colorado DenverFabien Maldonado, MD, MScSection Editor — Pleural DiseaseProfessor of Medicine and Thoracic SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineScott Manaker, MD, PhDSection Editor — Critical CareProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJess Mandel, MD, MACP, ATSF, FRCPSection Editor — Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseKenneth M. Moser Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineVice-Chair for Education, Department of Internal MedicineUC San Diego School of MedicineMeredith C McCormack, MD, MHSSection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineMedical Director, Pulmonary Function Laboratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins UniversityNestor L Muller, MD, PhDSection Editor — Pulmonary ImagingProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaAndrew Nicholson, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary PathologyProfessor of Respiratory PathologyImperial College School of Medicine, LondonPolly E Parsons, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Critical CareProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineJames K Stoller, MD, MSSection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJean Wall Bennett Professor of Medicine, Samson Global Leadership Academy Endowed ChairCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineChairman, Education Institute, Cleveland ClinicEditorial AssistantsChase Carnot, BAContent Editing AssociateJames Hytner, MFAContent Editing Associate — UpToDateAuthorsJ Dawn Abbott, MD, FACCSection Editor — Interventional CardiologyProfessor of MedicineBrown Medical SchoolSabra M Abbott, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of NeurologyNorthwestern Feinberg School of MedicineLoutfi Sami Aboussouan, MDStaffCleveland Clinic FoundationBenjamin Abramoff, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaLisa V Adams, MDAssociate ProfessorGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthSandra G Adams, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care MedicineIan M Adco*ck, FSBProfessor of Cell & Molecular Biology, Airways Disease SectionNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonRohit Aggarwal, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of PittsburghDewesh Agrawal, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineChildren's National Medical CenterNabil M Ahmed, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineVineet Ahuja, MD, DMProfessor of GastroenterologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesVivek N Ahya, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePraveen Akuthota, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity of California, San DiegoManuela Albisetti, MDDivision of HematologyUniversity Children's Hospital Zurich, SwitzerlandBarbara D Alexander, MD, MHSProfessor of Medicine and Pathology Duke University School of MedicineThomas Alexander, MDHead, KMCH Heart Institute, Kovai Medical Center and HospitalPatrick C Alguire, MD, FACPSenior Vice President Emeritus for Medical EducationAmerican College of PhysiciansTarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASNAssociate Professor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineAsif Ali, MDUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterCardiovascular MedicineAmmar Saadoon Alishlash, MD, FAAPDivision of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at BirminghamCatherine K Allan, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolGilman B Allen, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Medicine, University of VermontCarolyn A Altman, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineRichard F Ambinder, MD, PhDJames B Murphy Professor of OncologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineSepideh Amin-Hanjani, MDClinical Professor of Neurological SurgeryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineNeil M Ampel, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaSupplemental ConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaGeorge L Anesi, MD, MSCE, MBEAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineGerald B Appel, MDSection Editor — Glomerular DiseasesProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsAndrea J Apter, MD, MSc, MAProfessor of MedicineSection of Allergy & Immunology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaAdi Aran, MDNeuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical CenterHebrew University, Jerusalem, IsraelDonna L Arand, PhDResearch Associate ProfessorWright State University Boonshoft School of MedicineSelim M Arcasoy, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineColumbia University School of MedicineMedical Director, Lung Transplantation ProgramDonald M Arnold, MD, MScAssociate Professor, Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityCanadian Blood ServicesRobert M Arnold, MDEditor-in-Chief — Palliative CareSection Editor — General Principles of Palliative CareChief, Section of Palliative Care and Medical EthicsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineIsabelle Arnulf, MD, PhDProfessor of Neurology, National Reference Center on Kleine-Levin syndromePitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, FranceSorbonne University, Paris, FranceYael Aschner, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverStanley W Ashley, MDSection Editor — Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary SurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalFrank Sawyer Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolRitu Asija, MDClinical Associate Professor, Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford UniversityJon C Aster, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolDennis Auckley, MDProfessor of MedicineCase Western Reserve University (MetroHealth Medical Center)Marc Auerbach, MD, FAAP, MScProfessor of Pediatrics (Emergency Medicine) and of Emergency MedicineYale School of MedicinePhyllis August, MD, MPHRalph A Baer, MD Professor of Research in MedicineDirector, Hypertension CenterDivision of Nephrology & HypertensionWeill Cornell Medical CollegeMeghan Aversa, MD, FRCPCAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoJohn R Bach, MDProfessor, Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolEmile Bacha, MD, FACSCalvin F. Barber Professor of SurgeryColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsJohn W Baddley, MD, MSPHSection Editor — FungalProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineLarry M Baddour, MD, FIDSA, FAHAProfessor Emeritus of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineM Safwan Badr, MDSection Editor — Sleep Related Breathing DisordersProfessor and Chief, Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineRemzi Bag, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineThe University of Chicago MedicineF Amos Bailey, MDProfessor of Medicine University of Colorado at DenverJasmohan S Bajaj, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical CenterLalit Bajaj, MD, MPHProfessor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineChildren's Hospital ColoradoRobert D Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkSusan S Baker, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo, the State University of New YorkBruno Guedes Baldi, PhDMedical Assistant, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, BrazilElizabeth H Baldini, MD, MPH, FASTROSection Editor — Bone and Soft Tissue TumorsProfessor of Radiation OncologyHarvard Medical SchoolMarie R Baldisseri, MD, FCCMProfessor of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterRobert A Balk, MDProfessor of MedicineRush-University Medical CenterRonald C Balkissoon, MDPulmonary Consultant, Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthAnindo K Banerjee, PhD, FRCPConsultant Respiratory PhysicianSouthampton General Hospital, Southampton, UKAlan F Barker, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityKathleen C Barnes, PhDDirector, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine; Head, Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine DivisionUniversity of Colorado School of MedicinePeter J Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRSEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — AsthmaProfessor of MedicineNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, LondonFrederick E Barr, MD, MBAExecutive Vice PresidentChief Clinical and Academic OfficerArkansas Children's HospitalUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesNora A Barrett, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolFermin Barrueto, Jr, MD, MBA, FACHESenior Vice President/Chief Clinical Officer University of Maryland Medical SystemClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineWilliam J Barson, MDProfessor of PediatricsThe Ohio State University College of MedicineDeborah A Bartz, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalRobert C Basner, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineColumbia UniversityKenneth A Bauer, MDSection Editor — Hemostasis and ThrombosisProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolStephen G Baum, MDDistinguished Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, & ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineMaher A Baz, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyCassandra Bellamy, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist, Medical Intensive Care UnitHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaLisa M Bellini, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterJames R Berenson, MDMedical and Scientific DirectorInstitute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer ResearchSten-Erik Bergström, MDDoctor of MedicineChildren's Hospital Astrid LindgrenKarolinska University Hospital, StockholmJohn L Berk, MDAssistant Director, Professor of MedicineAmyloidosis Center/Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterJeffrey S Berman, MDProfessor of Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineDirector, Sarcoidosis Center, Boston Medical CenterJohn Bernardo, MDSection Editor — Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of Medicine and Research Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineDavid I Bernstein, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineMark F Berry, MDMylavarapu Rogers ProfessorStanford UniversitySteven Bird, MD, FACEPProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolEdward A Bittner, MD, PhD, MSEd, FCCMAssociate Professor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolJames H Black, III, MDChief of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyJohns Hopkins HospitalJanis E Blair, MDProfessor of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceConsultantMayo Clinic in ArizonaRon Blankstein, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Bodmer, MD, MScHeadMedical DepartmentZuger KantonsspitalBaar, SwitzerlandR Paul Boesch, DO, MSAssociate Professor, Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineChair, Division of Pediatric PulmonologyMayo Clinic Children's CenterAdam J Bograd, MDAttending Thoracic SurgeonSwedish Cancer InstituteGuy Boivin, MDProfessor of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine, Université LavalGeorgina Bojczuk, RD, CSPClinical DietitianOishei Children's Hospital of BuffaloMichael H Bonnet, PhDProfessor, Department of NeurologyWright State University Boonshoft School of MedicineStephen C Boos, MD, FAAPProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School—BaystateSusan E Boruchoff, MDProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolLouis-Philippe Boulet, MDProfessor of MedicineLaval UniversityJoshua A Boyce, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolEdward W Boyer, MD, PhDProfessor with Tenure, Ohio State UniversityVisiting Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolD Craig Brater, MDEmeritus DeanIndiana University School of MedicinePresidentRegenstrief FoundationTom Brazelton, MD, MPH, FAAPProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthJeffrey A Breall, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineDaniel C Brennan, MD, FACPEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Kidney TransplantationProfessor of MedicineMedical Director and Co-Director of the Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyJohns Hopkins Medical SchoolBeth Brickner, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine, Division of CardiologyUT Southwestern Medical CenterV Courtney Broaddus, MDSection Editor — Pleural DiseaseProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoPatrick D Brophy, MDProfessor and Head University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of PediatricsKevin K Brown, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish Health, University of ColoradoLee K Brown, MDProfessor of Internal Medicine and PediatricsProfessor of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of New MexicoEduardo Bruera, MDSection Editor — Non Pain Symptoms: Assessment and ManagementProfessor of OncologyUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center at HoustonNicholas A Buckley, MD, FRACPProfessor of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Sydney Medical SchoolClinical ToxicologistRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalChristopher R Burke, MDAssistant Professor of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonAllison E Burnett, PharmD, PhC, CACPAntithrombosis Stewardship PharmacistUniversity of New Mexico HospitalClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of New Mexico College of PharmacyMichael J Burns, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAlfred Buxton, MDBen-Haim Josephson Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterLauren A Byers, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterKatherine N Cahill, MD, FAAAAIAssistant Professor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt UniversityMichael S Calderwood, MD, MPHChief Quality OfficerDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthRonna L Campbell, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineMayo ClinicLouis R Caplan, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolAndrés Cárdenas, MD, PhD, MMSc, AGAF, FAASLDInstitut de Malalties Digestives i MetaboliquesHospital Clinic, Barcelona, SpainUniversity of BarcelonaShamus R Carr, MD, FACSThoracic Surgeon and Research PhysicianBethesda, MDTara F Carr, MD, FAAAAIAssociate Professor, Medicine and OtolaryngologyDepartment of Medicine, University of ArizonaJoseph P Carrozza, MDVice PresidentSteward Cardiovascular NetworkProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJeffrey L Carson, MDProvost, New Brunswick Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers UniversityRichard C Reynolds Chair in General Internal MedicineDistinguished Professor of MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRick Carter, PhD, MBAProfessorLamar University, Beaumont, TXThomas B Casale, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of South FloridaAmanda S Cass, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist, Thoracic Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterKeith L Cavanaugh, MD, FAAP, FCCPAdjunct Assistant ProfessorUniversity of MinnesotaBartolome R Celli, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard University School of MedicineAlessandro Ceschi, MD, MSc, FEAPCCTMedical and Scientific DirectorInstitute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern SwitzerlandHead, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyPresident, Drug and Therapeutics CommitteeEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, SwitzerlandConsultant, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital ZurichJamie E Chaft, MDAssociate Attending PhysicianThoracic Oncology ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NYElizabeth Chaitin, DHCEAssistant Professor, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics ServicesUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterJulio A Chalela, MDAssociate Professor of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaStephen T Chambers, MB ChB, MSc, MD, FRACPProfessor, Department of PathologyUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchAnthony KC Chan, MBBS, FRCPC, FRCPathProfessor of PediatricsMcMaster University, CanadaEdward D Chan, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthSwathy Chandrashekhar, MDNeuromuscular Medicine FellowUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterDipak Chandy, MDProfessor of Medicine and NeurologyNew York Medical CollegeAnne B Chang, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, FAPSR, FAHMSHead of Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health ResearchSenior Respiratory and Sleep Consultant, Queensland Children's HospitalAustralian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Qld University of TechnologyVictor T Chang, MDProfessor of Medicine,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School,VA New Jersey Health Care SystemColleen Channick, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAIra M Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARCProfessor of PediatricsRainbow Babies and Children's HospitalCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine, ClevelandFelicia Chen, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineDaniel Chernoff, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyAlbany Medical CenterRonald D Chervin, MD, MSEditor-in-Chief — Sleep MedicineSection Editor — Pediatric Sleep MedicineProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAlbert T Cheung, MDProfessor of AnesthesiaStanford University School of MedicineMay Chien, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorStanford University Department of PediatricsAmit Chopra, MDProfessor of Medicine, Associate Director of Pulmonary FellowshipDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Albany Medical CenterSanjiv Chopra, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and HepatologySection Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior Consultant in Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Marshall Wolf Master Clinician EducatorBrigham and Women's HospitalTushar A Chopra, MDAssistant Professor Of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemVineet Chopra, MD, MScRobert W. Schrier Chair of MedicineProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineGabriel Choukroun, MD, PhDHead of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation DepartmentCHU Amiens and Picardie UniversitySusmita Chowdhuri, MD, MS, FAASMProfessor of MedicineWayne State UniversityCindy Christian, MDProfessor of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaKent L Christopher, MD, RRT, FCCP, FAARCClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of MedicineJason Chu, MDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineDepartment of Emergency MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterFrances Chung, MBBS, FRCPCProfessor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ManagementUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of TorontoChiara Cirelli, MD, PhDProfessor of PsychiatryU Wisconsin-MadisonPeter A Cistulli, MBBS, PhD, FRACPProfessor of Sleep MedicineUniversity of Sydney and Royal North Shore HospitalSteven Leigh Clark, MDProfessor, Division of Maternal Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of MedicineJoannes Clerinx, MD, DTMInstitute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpGilles Clermont, MDCM, MScProfessorDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghMegan B Clowse, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDivision of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDawn P Coe, PhDAssociate Professor, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport StudiesUniversity of TennesseeAndrew A Colin, MDBatchelor Family Professor of Cystic Fibrosis and Pediatric Pulmonology Director, Division of Pediatric PulmonologyMiller School of Medicine University of MiamiJoseph M Collaco, MD, MPH, MBA, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineFelipe B Collares, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Central FloridaNancy Collop, MDEditor-in-Chief — Sleep MedicineSection Editor — Sleep Related Breathing DisordersProfessor of Medicine and NeurologyDirector, Emory Sleep Center, Emory UniversityHenri G Colt, MDSection Editor — Interventional PulmonologyProfessor Emeritus University of CaliforniaWilson S Colucci, MDSection Editor — Heart FailureProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineMichelle V Conde, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioKavitha Conti, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh, School of MedicineCarlyne D Cool, MDClinical Professor of PathologyUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of MedicineAffiliate, National Jewish HealthLeslie T Cooper, Jr, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceRamon Corbalan, MDProfessor of MedicineCardiovascular DivisionPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileMichael J Corwin, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyBoston University Schools of Medicine and Public HealthEthan Cowan, MD, MSProfessor of Emergency MedicineIcahn Mount Sinai School of MedicineRobert S Crausman, MDClinical Professor of MedicineBrown UniversityJoseph P Cravero, MDProfessor of AnaesthesiaHarvard Medical SchoolBoston Children's HospitalClaire J Creutzfeldt, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyHarborview Stroke CenterUniversity of WashingtonMark Crowther, MD, MScSection Editor — Hemostasis and ThrombosisProfessor of Medicine and Pathology & Molecular MedicineSt Joseph’s Hospital and McMaster UniversityBrett L Cucchiara, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterAdam Cuker, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Medicine, Associate Professor of Pathology & Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaAntonio Culebras, MDProfessor of NeurologyUpstate Medical UniversityLarry Culpepper, MD, MPHProfessor of Family MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBarbara H Curtis, CNM, MSNMassachusetts General HospitalJ Randall Curtis, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonDonald Cutlip, MDSection Editor — Interventional CardiologyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAllison Dalton, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia and Critical CareUniversity of ChicagoSonye K Danoff, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineShailendra Das, DOAssistant Professor, Pulmonary Medicine ServiceBaylor College of MedicineAndrew Davenport, MD, FRCPDirector of UCL Centre for Dialysis & Renal Physiology ResearchUCL Department of NephrologyUniversity College LondonMatthew S Davenport, MD, FSAR, FSCBTMRAssociate Professor of Urology and RadiologyDirector of Body MRI, Associate Chair for QualityMichigan Radiology Quality CollaborativeUniversity of Michigan Health SystemJosé Luis De Cardenas, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and SurgeryDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of MichiganAdam de Havenon, MD, MSAssociate professor of NeurologyYale School of MedicineDiva D De Leon-Crutchlow, MD, MSCEProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaJustus de Zeeuw, MDWuppertal, GermanyMark E Deffebach, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPaul F Dellaripa, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolElizabeth G Demicco, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PathologyMount Sinai HospitalUniversity of TorontoShoma Desai, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineLAC and USC Medical CenterRony Dev, DOAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterPrasad Devarajan, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineRajiv Dhand, MD, FCCP, FACP, FAARC, FRSM, ATSFProfessor and Endowed Chair, Department of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Graduate School of MedicineJoshua M Diamond, MD, MSCEAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPaul Dieffenbach, MDDeputy Editor — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineInstructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Physician, Brigham and Women's HospitalMazen M Dimachkie, MDExecutive Vice Chairman & Neuromuscular Division DirectorProfessor – Department of NeurologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterH Erhan Dincer, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaJodie Dionne-Odom, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamAnne E Dixon, BM, BChSection Editor — AsthmaProfessor of MedicineUniversity of VermontKevin Doerschug, MD, MSClinical Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineRaphael Dolin, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPamela S Douglas, MDUrsula Geller Professor of Research in Cardiovascular DiseasesDuke University Medical CenterJames D Douketis, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCPSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor, Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityJayme Dowdall, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterThomas Doyle, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University School of MedicineMatthew G Drake, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareAssociate Program Director, Pulmonary and Critical Care FellowshipPrincipal Investigator, OHSU Asthma LabMark T Dransfield, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRichard H Drew, PharmD, MS, FCCP, FIDPProfessorCampbell University College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesProfessor and Clinical PharmacistDuke School of MedicineFrank W Drislane, MDProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolAnne M Dubin, MDProfessor of PediatricsStanford School of MedicineChristopher Duggan, MD, MPHMeltzer Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalDamian E Dupuy, MDDirector of Tumor AblationRhode Island HospitalProfessor of Diagnostic ImagingBrown Medical SchoolRaed A Dweik, MD, FACP, FCCP, FRCP(C), FCCM, FAHAProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineBrent M Egan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine-GreenvilleVP Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Improving Health Outcomes, American Medical AssociationEric C Eichenwald, MDProfessor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaApril F Eichler, MD, MPHSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Neurology and Sleep MedicineAssistant Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMatthew Eisenberg, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolWilliam J Elliott, MD, PhDSection Editor — HypertensionProfessor of Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine and PharmacologyHead, Division of PharmacologyChair, Department of Biomedical SciencesPacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WADavid H Ellison, MD, FASN, FAHAProfessor of Medicine and Physiology & PharmacologyOregon Health & Science UniversityJonathan Elmer, MD, MS, FNCSAssociate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, and NeurologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMichael Emmett, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesChief of Internal MedicineBaylor University Medical CenterErin E Endom, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineScott K Epstein, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineUta Erdbruegger, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaSusan P Etheridge, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of MedicineKaren A fa*gan, MDProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyChief, Division f Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of South AlabamaKhoulood Fakhoury, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineRonald J Falk, MDNan and Hugh Cullman Eminent Professor of NephrologyChair, Department of MedicineDirector, UNC Kidney CenterUniversity of North Carolina-Chapel HillJames C Fang, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of UtahChristopher H Fanta, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHarrison W Farber, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts Medical SchoolCaitlin Farrell, MDInstructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's HospitalPeter F Fedullo, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego Medical CenterAlan Fein, MDDirector, Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineNorth Shore University HospitalSteven H Feinsilver, MDProfessor of MedicineZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellThomas Fekete, MDProfessor of Medicine and MicrobiologyTemple University School of MedicineDarren Feldman, MDSection Editor — Testicular CancerAssociate Attending PhysicianDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterAssociate Professor in Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeDavid J Feller-Kopman, MDSection Editor — Interventional PulmonologyChief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine — Dartmouth Hitchco*ck Medical CenterProfessor of Medicine — Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth CollegeGary T Ferguson, MDDirector, Pulmonary Research Institute of Southeast MichiganClinical Professor of Medicine, Michigan State UniversityCaraciolo J Fernandes, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineStephen J Ferzoco, MDChief of General SurgeryAtrius HealthThomas M File, Jr, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityDavid Filsoof, MDPhysicianCedars Sinai Heart InstituteJonathan D Finder, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMichael J Fine, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemGeraldine Finlay, MDSenior Deputy Editor — UpToDateDeputy Editor — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineAssociate ProfessorTufts University School of MedicinePaul N Fiorilli, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaFrank A Fish, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Associate Professor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineJay A Fishman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host ProgramMassachusetts General HospitalJohn M Flack, MD, MPH, FAHA, FASH, MACPProfessor and Sergio Rabinovich Endowed Chair of Internal MedicineSouthern Illinois UniversityKevin R Flaherty, MD, MSSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health SystemEric Fleegler, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSarah E Fleet, MDDirector, Growth and Nutrition ProgramAttending PhysicianBoston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionInstructor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJessica Fleitman, MDHVICU director, Penn Presbyterian HospitalUniversity of Pennsylvania (August 2020)Patricia M Flynn, MDMemberSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee, MemphisJennifer E Flythe, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineAndrew Fontenot, MDHenry N. Claman Professor of Medicine, Division Head, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of Colorado, School of MedicineJoseph Francis, Jr, MD, MPHExecutive Director, Analytics and Performance IntegrationVeterans Health Administration, Washington, DCRobert P Frantz, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineNeil Freedman, MDHead, Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareNorth Shore University Health System, Evanston, ILClinical Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineJoy L Fridey, MDMedical OfficerAmerican Red Cross Blood Services Scientific AffairsJonathan W Friedberg, MDProfessor of MedicineJames P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of RochesterGerald Friedland, MDProfessor Emeritus of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Public HealthYale School of MedicineLawrence S Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of MedicineNewton-Wellesley HospitalAssistant Chief of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalLloyd N Friedman, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineYale School of MedicineScott L Friedman, MDFishberg Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiErik K Fromme, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolAssociate Physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer InstituteBarry Fuchs, MDProfessor of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaSusan Fuchs, MDProfessor of PediatricsNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineEri f*ckaya, MD, PhDClinical Associate Professor of SurgeryStanford UniversityDavid R Fulton, MDSection Editor — Pediatric CardiologyAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDaniel E Furst, MDSection Editor — Treatment Issues in RheumatologyClinical professor, University of Washington, SeattleClinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyProfessor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis AssociatesDavid F Gaieski, MDProfessorSidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityRajesh T Gandhi, MD, FIDSASection Editor — Opportunistic InfectionsProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid A Garcia, MDSection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationProfessor of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineRavindra Kumar Garg, MD, DM, FRCPProfessor and Head Department of Neurology King George Medical UniversityEric Garshick, MD, MOHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCarl Michael Gay, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorThoracic/Head & Neck Medical OncologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterPeter C Gay, MDProfessor Of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolRobert Gaynes, MDDistinguished Physician and Professor EmeritusEmory University School of MedicineRobert L Geggel, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolJames N George, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterLynn B Gerald, PhD, MSPHVice Chancellor for Population HealthOffice of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois, ChicagoMark Gestring, MDProfessor of Surgery, Emergency Medicine and PediatricsUniversity of Rochester School of MedicineElsa-Grace Giardina, MD, MS, FACC, FACP, FAHAProfessor of MedicineDirector, Center for Women’s Health Columbia University Medical CenterC Michael Gibson, MS, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThomas R Gildea, MD, MSDepartment of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Transplant CenterCleveland ClinicAdrian G Gillissen, MD, PhD, MScProfessor of MedicineErmstalklinik, Department: Med. Klinik III / Pulmonary MedicineMichael M Givertz, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBertil Glader, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineNicole Glaser, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicinePatrick Gleeson, MDPost-Doctoral FellowSection of Allergy and Immunology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care DivisionHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaEric Goldberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineAry L Goldberger, MDSection Editor — ElectrocardiographyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCathy A Goldstein, MDSection Editor — Circadian Rhythm DisordersAssistant Professor, NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Sleep Disorders CenterJames A Goldstein, MDProfessor of MedicineOakland University William Beaumont Hospital School of MedicineThomas A Golper, MDSection Editor — DialysisProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterDavid Goltzman, MDProfessor of MedicineMcGill UniversitySenior Physician, Division of Endocrinology and Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreAnnekathryn Goodman, MD, MPH, MSProfessorObstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Gynecologic OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalMGH Global Disaster ResponseAnkush Gosain, MD, PhD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery and PediatricsChildren's Foundation Research InstituteLe Bonheur Children's HospitalUniversity of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterKaoru Goshima, MDProfessor, SurgeryUniversity of Arizona Health Sciences CenterJames R Gossage, MDProfessor of MedicineAugusta UniversityMichael K Gould, MD, MSProfessor, Department of Health Systems ScienceKaiser Permanente Bernard J Tyson School of MedicinePraveen Govender, MB BchAssistant Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineAssociate Director Sarcoidosis Center, Boston Medical CenterW. Adam Gower, MD, MSAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric PulmonologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineVikas Goyal, MBBS, DCH, FRACP, PhDDepartment of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's HospitalDepartment of Pediatrics, Gold Coast HealthAustralian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBarney S Graham, MD, PhDFormer Deputy DirectorViral Pathogenesis ResearchBethesda, MDAmy L Graziani, PharmDClinical Pharmacist, Infectious DiseasesHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAssociate Professor in Pharmacy, Adjunct FacultyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineIan J Griffin, MB ChBDirector, Clinical and Translational ResearchBiomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMichael A Gropper, MD, PhDProfessor and ChairDepartment of Anesthesia and Perioperative CareUniversity of California, San FranciscoAditi Gupta, MDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterNishant Gupta, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiIndira Gurubhagavatula, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Division of Sleep Medicine Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaRamsey R Hachem, MDSection Editor — Lung TransplantationProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineIan P Hall, MDProfessor in Molecular MedicineUniversity Hospital, Nottingham, UKMatthew Hallman, MDAssistant ProfessorU of Washington Dept of AnesthesiologyRobert Hallowell, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolShihab Hameed, BSc, MBBS, DCH, FRACP, PhDSenior Staff Specialist, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sydney Children's HospitalHead of Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal North Shore HospitalConjoint Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, School of Women's and Children's HealthClinical Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney, Northern Clinical SchoolMargaret R Hammerschlag, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterMeiLan King Han, MD, MSSection Editor for UpToDate Pathways and Clinical Effectiveness — COPDProfessorUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterSusan M Harding, MD, FCCP, AGAFSection Editor — Diagnostic TestingProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityStephanie M Harman, MDClinical Associate ProfessorStanford University School of MedicineMatthew G Hartwig, MD, MHSProfessor of SurgeryDivision of Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Health SystemKohei Hasegawa, MD, MPH, PhDAssociate Professor Harvard Medical SchoolPaul Hassoun, MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityJulie Hauer, MDAssistant ProfessorBoston Children's HospitalKenan Haver, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMargaret M Hayes, MD, ATSFDirector, Medical Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterAssistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolChristina J Hayhurst, MDAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareVanderbilt University Medical CenterMichele Heath, LP, CCPPerfusionistDurham VA Medical CenterJohn E Heffner, MDProfessor of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityProvidence Portland Medical CenterJosh H Heinzerling, MDRadiation OncologistSoutheast Radiation OncologyCharlotte, North CarolinaLeslie Hendeles, PharmDProfessor EmeritusUniversity of FloridaKatherine P Hendra, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineRobert G Hendrickson, MD, FACMT, FAACTSection Editor — ToxicologyMedical Director, Oregon Poison CenterProgram Director, Fellowship in Medical Toxicology ProfessorDepartment of Emergency MedicineOregon Health and Science University (OHSU)Elizabeth Henske, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolFelix JF Herth, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of HeidelbergDean Hess, RRT, PhD, FAARC, FCCMManaging EditorLecturerNortheastern UniversityRespiratory Care, Massachusetts General HospitalJohn R Hess, MD, MPHProfessorUniversity of Washington School of MedicineJustin Christopher Hewlett, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineDaren K Heyland, MD, FRCPC, MScProfessor of MedicineQueen's University, Ontario, CanadaScott K Heysell, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Infectious Diseases and International HealthUniversity of VirginiaPatricia L Hibberd, MD, PhDChair, Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthJorge Hidalgo, MDProfessor of Critical Care; Chief, Divison of Critical CareKarl Heusner Memorial Hospital/Belize Healthcare PartnersJohn Higgins, MD, MBA, MPHIL, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FACSM, FASNCAssociate Professor of MedicineThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)Ziyad M Hijazi, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACC, MSCAI, FAHA, FPICSProfessor of Pediatrics & Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineChief Medical Officer & Chair, Department of Cardiovascular DiseasesDoha, QatarNicholas S Hill, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineIrl B Hirsch, MDSection Editor — Diabetes MellitusProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineRobert J Hoffman, MDMedical Director, Qatar Poison CenterDepartment of Emergency MedicineSidra MedicineRobert S Hoffman, MDProfessor of Emergency MedicineRonald O. Perelman Department of Emergency MedicineNew York University Grossman School of MedicineHelen Hollingsworth, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineMunther K hom*oud, MDProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineEwout J Hoorn, MD, PhDProfessor of NephrologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsWilliam Hopkins, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineC Robert Horsburgh, Jr, MD, MUSProfessor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and MedicineBoston University School of Public HealthJoy D Howell, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical PediatricsWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityMichael Howell, MDProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolJames Huang, MDThoracic ServiceDepartment of SurgeryMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterJohn T Huggins, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaMenno V Huisman, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine at the Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsRussell D Hull, MBBS, MScEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of Calgary, CanadaLinda Humphrey, MDProfessor of Medicine and Public Health and Preventive MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRobert C Hyzy, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterMichael Ieong, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineDavid H Ingbar, MDProfessor of Medicine, Physiology, and PediatricsUniversity of Minnesota School of MedicineLesley A Inker, MD, MSAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineSilvio E Inzucchi, MDProfessor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineCharles G Irvin, PhD, FERSProfessorUniversity of Vermont Department of MedicineRichard S Irwin, MDProfessor of MedicineUMass Chan Medical SchoolKoto Ishida, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyNYU Medical CenterShaheen Islam, MD, MPH, FCCPDivision Director, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineAugusta University, Medical College of GeorgiaMichael G Ison, MD, MSProfessor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ TransplantationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineElliot Israel, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTheodore Iwashyna, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine and Public HealthJohns HopkinsBertrand L Jaber, MD, MS, FASNProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJesse T Jacob, MDProfessor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Emory University School of MedicineAllan S Jaffe, MDSection Editor — Coronary Heart DiseaseProfessor of MedicineProfessor of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Medical SchoolIbrahim A Janahi, MDProfessor of PediatricsWeill-Cornell Medical College, QatarDaisy JA Janssen, MD, PhDResearch coordinator, Centre of Expertise for Palliative careMaastricht University Medical CentreDawn Jaroszewski, MD, MBA, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryMayo Clinic ArizonaJohn L Jefferies, MD, MPH, FACC, FAHAJay Michael Sullivan Distinguished Chair in CardiologyProfessor and Chief, Division of Adult Cardiovascular DiseasesDirector, Methodist University of Tennessee Cardiovascular InstituteDirector, Methodist Cardiovascular Service LineProfessor, Pediatric Cardiology, Le Bonheur Children’s HospitalJames R Jett, MDSection Editor — Pulmonary MedicineProfessor of Medicine EmeritusNational Jewish HealthShijing Jia, MDAssistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of MichiganDouglas C Johnson, MDAssociate Professor, Department of MedicineUMass Chan Medical SchoolKaren E Johnson, MDAssociate ProfessorBaylor College of MedicineNicholas J Johnson, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineUniversity of WashingtonBarbara L Jones, PhD, MSWProfessor of Social WorkUniversity of Texas at AustinNaima T Joseph, MD, MPH, MADivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School, Boston MAJose Joseph-Vempilly, MDProfessor of MedicineUCSF, FresnoMartin F Joyce-Brady, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, The Pulmonary CenterBoston University School of MedicineBrooke G Judd, MDAssistant Professor of Psychiatry (Sleep Medicine) and MedicineDartmouth-Hitchco*ck Medical CenterLowell S Kabnick, MD, RPhS, FACS, FACPhDirector of Clinical OperationsUnited Vein And Vascular CentersChristopher Kabrhel, MD, MPHProfessor of Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRonaldo A Kairalla, MD, PhDAssistant Professor - Pulmonary DivisionUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilLarry R Kaiser, MDAdjunct Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineThe Lewis Katz Dean, EmeritusThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityGregory P Kalemkerian, MDProfessor of MedicineCo-Director, Thoracic OncologyUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterDavid A Kaminsky, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical CareUniversity of Vermont Larner College of MedicineDavid A Kane, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolRobert J Kaner, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversitySouha S Kanj, MDProfessor of MedicineHead of Infectious DiseasesChairperson, Infection Control ProgramCo-director, Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterAndre A Kaplan, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterSheldon L Kaplan, MDEditor-in-Chief — PediatricsSection Editor — Pediatric Infectious DiseasesProfessor Baylor College of MedicineSiddhartha G Kapnadak, MDAssistant Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineVishesh K Kapur, MD, MPHProfessor and Director of Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of WashingtonCo-Director, UW Medicine Sleep CenterAnoop Karippot, MD, FAASMMedical DirectorAKANE Institute of Allergy Asthma and Sleep MedicineStacey M Kassutto, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaHasmeena Kathuria, MDSection Editor — Tobacco Dependence TreatmentAssociate Professor of MedicineThe Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of MedicineJulie P Katkin, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineCarol A Kauffman, MDEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Fungal InfectionsProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolDavid A Kaufman, MDAssociate ProfessorNYU School of MedicineAnn Kavanaugh-McHugh, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsVanderbilt University School of MedicineSteven M Kawut, MDProfessor of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKeith Kaye, MD, MPHChief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRobert L Keith, MDProfessor of Medicine and Cancer BiologyAssociate Chief of StaffResearch, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineDenver Veterans Affairs Medical CenterUniversity of Colorado Cancer CenterUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineT Barry Kelleher, MD, FRCPIConsultant GastroenterologistMater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, IrelandMark A Kelley, MD, MACPVisiting Scholar, Harvard Business SchoolPhysician, Pulmonary-Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General HospitalKaren Kelly, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California Davis Cancer CenterJohn M Kelso, MDSection Editor – AnaphylaxisDivision of Allergy, Asthma, and ImmunologyScripps Clinic, San Diego, CAHarold L Kennedy, MD, MPHAdjunctive Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular DiseasesUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineDavid G Kern, MDMaine VA Medical CenterAugusta, MaineFayez Kheir, MD, MScAssistant ProfessorDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrent R King, MD, MMMProfessor of Emergency MedicineThe University of Maryland School of MedicineTalmadge E King, Jr, MDEditor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseDean, School of Medicine Vice Chancellor, Medical AffairsUniversity of California San FranciscoDouglas Kirsch, MD, FAASMClinical ProfessorUNC School of MedicineJacob A Klapper, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Thoracic SurgeryDuke University Medical CenterMonica Kleinman, MDAssociate Professor of Anaesthesia (Pediatrics)Harvard Medical SchoolSteven Kleinman, MDSection Editor — Transfusion MedicineClinical Professor of PathologyUniversity of British Columbia, VancouverLewis R Kline, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineTemple University School of MedicineJames R Klinger, MDProfessor of MedicineAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityElizabeth S Klings, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineAmy D Klion, MDInfectious Disease SpecialistBaltimore, MDMichael Klompas, MD, MPHProfessor of Population MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDaphne Knicely, MD, MEHPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineBradley P Knight, MD, FACCSection Editor — Cardiac ArrhythmiasProfessor of MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityMeagan Domangue KnightPatient Perspective Author – LymphangioleiomyomatosisDaniel M Kolansky, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineScott E Kopec, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical CenterDaryl J Kor, MDProfessor of AnesthesiologyMayo ClinicIgor J Koralnik, MDArchibald Church Professor of NeurologySection Chief, Neuro-Infectious Diseases & Global NeurologyNorthwestern UniversityRobert M Kotloff, MDSection Editor — Lung TransplantationProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineCamille N Kotton, MDAssociate ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolEugene C Kovalik, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterNaomi R Kramer, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityJonathan B Kruskal, MD, PhDSection Editor — Abdominal ImagingProfessor of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolMeir H Kryger, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineYale UniversityAnupam Kumar, MD, FCCPAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineKapil Kumar, MDClinical Instructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNeeraj Kumar, MDProfessor, Department of NeurologyMayo Clinic Rochester, MNOren Kupfer, MDAssociate Professor, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical CampusBreathing Institute at Children's Hospital ColoradoShana Kusin, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency Medicine and Medical ToxicologyOregon Health and Science UniversitySylvia M LaCourse, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorUniversity of WashingtonRoger J Laham, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolTanya M Laidlaw, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolFiona R Lake, MD, FRACPClinical ProfessorSir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Department of HealthPaul A Lange, MDClinical Professor, Department of MedicineWestern Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of MedicineNancy Lange-Vaidya, MD, MPHInstructor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalAlfred A Lardizabal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNew Jersey Medical SchoolAnne M Larson, MD, FACP, FAASLD, AGAFClinical Professor of MedicineClinic ChiefUW Medicine/NWH HepatologyNorthwest Hospital and Medical CenterRichard A Larson, MDEditor-in-Chief — HematologySection Editor — LeukemiaProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineTiciana Leal, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector, Medical Thoracic OncologyWinship Cancer InstituteEmory University School of MedicineLorriana Leard, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoJulia Kim LeBlanc, MD, MPHClinical Associate Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineNoah Lechtzin, MD, MHSAssociate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineJoint Appointments in Neurology and EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineKarin Leder, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, MPH, DTMHSection Editor — Travel MedicineHead of Infectious Diseases UnitMonash UniversityHans Lee, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityJoyce S Lee, MDSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor, Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineDirector, Interstitial Lung Disease ProgramUniversity of Colorado DenverLois K Lee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRichard H Lee, MDProfessor of Clinical Obstetrics and GynecologyDivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaWon Lee, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineMedical Director, Sleep and Breathing Disorders CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterYC Gary Lee, MBChB, PhDProfessor of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, AustraliaNatasha B Leighl, MD, MMScPrincess Margaret Cancer CentreProfessor of Medicine, University of TorontoRobert F Lemanske, Jr, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health at Madison, WICatherine Lemière, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Montreal Medical SchoolDaniel H Leung, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineLawrence LK Leung, MDEditor-in-Chief — HematologySection Editor — Disorders of Hemostasis and CoagulationMaureen Lyles D'Ambrogio Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineBarbara LeVarge, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina Chapel HillThomas Levin, MDAdvocate Heart InstituteAdvocate Medical GroupOak Lawn, IllinoisMichael D Levine, MDDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesMartin M LeWinter, MDSection Editor — Myopericardial DiseaseProfessor of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of VermontBrett Ley, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoChief, Pulmonary MedicineKaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical CenterOrfeas Liangos, MD, FASNAdjunct Assistant Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineRogerio C Lilenbaum, MD, FACPSection Editor — Lung CancerChief Physician Executive, Jupiter Medical CenterAjit P Limaye, MD, FACP, FIDSAProfessor of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonAndrew H Limper, MDProfessor of Pulmonary MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineA Michael Lincoff, MDDirector, Center for Clinical ResearchProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityMark S Link, MDSection Editor — Cardiac ArrhythmiasProfessor of MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterGregory YH Lip, MD, FRCPE, FESC, FACCPrice-Evans Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Liverpool, UKDistinguished Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DenmarkAdjunct Professor, Yonsei University, Seoul, South KoreaAdjunct Professor, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaGregg Lipschik, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineAugusto A Litonjua, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsGolisano Children's Hospital of University of Rochester Medical CenterLeslie A Litzky, MDProfessor of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterMark Liu, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineJoseph LoCicero, III, MD, FCCPProfessor of Surgery EmeritusSUNY DownstateLaura L Loftis, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineKatherine Lord, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaChristine M Lovly, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology-OncologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterIngram Associate Professor of Cancer ResearchVanderbilt Ingram Cancer CenterGregory M Lucas, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityDavid J Lucier, MD, MBA, MPHInstructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolChair of Quality and Patient Safety, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalAndrew M Luks, MDProfessor - Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Medicine, University of WashingtonAlice Ma, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineThe Medical Alumni Loyalty Fund Distinguished Teaching ProfessorUniversity of North CarolinaMichael S Machuzak, MDDepartment of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care MedicineCleveland ClinicGraeme MacLaren, MBBS, MSc, FRACP, FCICMCritical care physicianNational University Hospital, SingaporeChristopher Madias, MDAssistant Professor Tufts University School of MedicineJ Mark Madison, MDProfessor of Medicine and Microbiology and Physiological SystemsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolColm C Magee, MD, MPH, FRCPIClinical Lecturer in MedicineRoyal College of SurgeonsLisa A Maier, MDProfessor,National Jewish HealthDepartment of Medicine, School of Medicine and Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado DenverAdnan Majid, MD, FCCPAssociate Professor of Medicine and SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBarry Make, MDProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish Health (NJH) and University of Colorado School of MedicineCo-Director, COPD ProgramNJHFabien Maldonado, MD, MScSection Editor — Pleural DiseaseProfessor of Medicine and Thoracic SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineAtul Malhotra, MDPeter C Farrell Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoAndrew Malone, MB, BCh, MRCPIAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of NephrologyDepartment of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineScott Manaker, MD, PhDSection Editor — Critical CareProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJess Mandel, MD, MACP, ATSF, FRCPSection Editor — Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseKenneth M. Moser Professor of MedicineChief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineVice-Chair for Education, Department of Internal MedicineUC San Diego School of MedicineJohannes FE Mann, MDProfessor of MedicineFriedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDavid M Mannino, MDDirector, Pulmonary Epidemiology Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kentucky School of MedicineAntonis S Manolis, MDProfessor of CardiologyAthens University School of MedicineMichael K Mansour, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts General HospitalDror Marchaim, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineSackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityDirector of Infection Control and Prevention UnitShamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical CenterJulie M Marchant, MBBS, FRACP, PhDAssociate ProfessorAustralian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyJoseph E Marine, MD, FACC, FHRSAssociate Professor of MedicineVice-Director, Division of CardiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineDonald W Marion, MDSenior ConsultantDefense and Veterans Brain Injury CenterGary F Marklin, MDChief Medical and Research OfficerMid-America TransplantJennifer L Martin, PhDProfessor of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLANiels Martin, MD, FACS, FCCMAssociate Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineRichard Martin, MDSection Editor — NeonatologyProfessor, Pediatrics, Reproductive Biology, and Physiology & BiophysicsCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineRichard J Martin, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthThomas J Martin, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineVirginia Tech-Carilion School of MedicineAssistant Professor of MedicineEdward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic MedicineAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineFernando J Martinez, MD, MSBruce Webster Professor of MedicineJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeTereza Martinu, MD, MHSAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoKiran Maski, MDInstructor, Harvard Medical SchoolClinician in Sleep and Neurology, Boston Children's HospitalBarbara M Mathes, MD, FACP, FAADClinical Associate, DermatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaOscar H Mayer, MDProfessor of Clinical Pediatrics, Pediatric PulmonologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePaul H Mayo, MDAcademic Director Critical CareDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of MedicineNorthwell Health LIJ/NSUH Medical CenterProfessor of Clinical MedicineDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellJennifer McArthur, DOAssociate Member, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalAdjunct Associate Professor, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of WisconsinMary McClain, RN, MSConsultant, SMART Study Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston UniversityFrancis X McCormack, MDTaylor Professor and Director, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati School of MedicineMeredith C McCormack, MD, MHSSection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineMedical Director, Pulmonary Function Laboratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins UniversityW Joseph McCune, MD, MACRMichael H and Marcia S Klein Professor of Rheumatic DiseasesDirector, Lupus Program, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of MichiganShaunagh McDermott, MDAssistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolColin McDonald, MDInstructor in NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael L McGarvey, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineSharon McGrath-Morrow, MD, MBAProfessor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric PulmonaryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineKenneth McIntosh, MDProfessor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBrady J McKee, MDSection Head, Thoracic Imaging and Cardiac CTDivision of RadiologyLahey Hospital & Medical CenterAssistant Professor Tufts University School of MedicineJakob I McSparron, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineAssociate Director, Critical Care Medicine UnitProgram Director, Fellowship in Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of MichiganJustin McWilliams, MD, FSIRProfessorInterventional RadiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesC Crawford Mechem, MD, FACEPProfessor of Emergency MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaReena Mehra, MD, MS, FCCP, FAASMAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector of Sleep Disorders ResearchCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityAnkit Mehta, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, DallasAssociate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Baylor University Medical Center, DallasAtul C Mehta, MBBS, FCCPProfessor of MedicineCleveland Clinic FoundationAvedis Meneshian, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryDivision of Thoracic SurgeryJohns Hopkins HospitalThoracic SurgeonAnne Arundel Medical CenterDick Menzies, MD, MScProfessor of Medicine and of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsMontreal Chest Institute, McGill UniversityPeter A Merkel, MD, MPHSection Editor — VasculitisChief, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaJulia A Messina, MD, MHS, MScAssistant Professor of MedicineDuke UniversityChristian Meyer, MD, PhDAssistant Professor, OncologySidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins HospitalDavid Michelson, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsLoma Linda UniversityNathan W Mick, MDAssociate ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineDavid E Midthun, MDSection Editor — Lung CancerProfessor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineEmmanuel Mignot, MD, PhDProfessor of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesStanford University School of MedicineMark E Mikkelsen, MD, MSCEAssociate ProfessorPulmonary Sciences and Critical CareAssociate Chief Medical Officer, Critical CareUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMichael T Milano, MD, PhDProfessorDepartment of Radiation OncologyUniversity of RochesterRachel L Miller, MD, FAAAAIDr. David and Dorothy Merksamer Professor of Medicine (Allergy and Immunology)Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiYork E Miller, MDThomas L Petty Chair of Lung ResearchDivision of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineStaff Physician, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical CenterUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineRichard P Millman, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityNils Milman, MDDepartment of Lung TransplantationRigshospitalet, DenmarkOmar A Minai, MDClinical Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine Liberty University College of Osteopathic MedicineAlicia B Minns, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Emergency MedicineFellowship Director, Medical Toxicology FellowshipUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineSiraj Mithoowani, MD, MHPE, FRCPCAssistant ProfessorDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityLawrence C Mohr, MD, FACP, FCCPProfessor of Medicine, Biometry & EpidemiologyMedical University of South CarolinaBruce A Molitoris, MDProfessor of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineSydney Montesi, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJoshua Mooney, MD, MSClinical Assistant ProfessorStanford UniversityRobert H Moore, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineDavid A Morrow, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid B Mount, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolAssociate/Clinical Chief, Renal DivisionBrigham and Women's HospitalRenal Division, VA BostonAlbeir Y Mousa, MD, FACS, MBA, MPH, RPVIProfessor, Department of SurgeryVascular and Endovascular Surgery DivisionWest Virginia UniversityMelissa Muff-Luett, MDAssistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical SchoolChildren's Hospital and Medical CenterSuraj Ashok Muley, MD, FAAN, FACPMedical Director of NeuroimmunologyBob Bove Neuroscience Institute at HonorhealthMary P Mullen, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMichael T Mullen, MDAssociate ProfessorLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityDavid Murdoch, MD, MSc, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPA, FFSc(RCPA)Clinical Microbiologist and Infectious Diseases PhysicianUniversity of Otago, ChristchurchSeptimiu Murgu, MDProfessorUniversity of ChicagoTimothy F Murphy, MDSUNY Distinguished ProfessorUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkBrian James Murray, MD, FRCPC D, ABSMProfessor of Neurology, Department of MedicineSunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of TorontoDaniel M Musher, MDProfessor of Medicine, Professor of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicinePatrick H Nachman, MD, FASNDirector, Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionDirector, Minnesota Multidisciplinary Vasculitis ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaDavid Naeger, MDDirector of Radiology, Denver HealthProfessor and Vice Chair of Radiology, University of ColoradoArun Nagdev, MDDirector, Emergency UltrasoundAlameda Health SystemHighland General HospitalAssociate Clinical ProfessorUCSF School of MedicineJoshua Nagler, MD, MHPEdSection Editor — Pediatric SurgeryAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBindi Naik-Mathuria, MD, MPHProfessor of Surgery and Chief, Division of Pediatric SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchThomas A Nakagawa, MD, FAAP, FCCMProfessorUniversity of Florida College of MedicineMichael Narkewicz, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineJoel W Neal, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Medicine (Oncology)Stanford University/ Stanford Cancer InstituteRobert S Negrin, MDSection Editor — Bone Marrow TransplantationProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineRichard W Nesto, MDChief Medical OfficerBeth Israel Lahey HealthProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineGiora Netzer, MD, MSCEProfessor of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineDavid N Neubauer, MDAssociate Professor, Department of PsychiatryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineCindy Neunert, MD, MSCSAssociate Professor, PediatricsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterRemi Neviere, MDProfessorUniversity Hospital CHU of MartiniqueLee S Newman, MD, MA, FCCP, FACOEMProfessor, Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthColorado School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverLynnette K Nieman, MDSection Editor — Adrenal DiseaseSenior InvestigatorBethesda, MDLawrence M Nogee, MDProfessor of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineMarc Noppen, MDProfessor and Head, Interventional Endoscopy UnitUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselErrol R Norwitz, MD, PhD, MBAProfessor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts University School of MedicinePresident/CEO, Newton-Wellesley HospitalImre Noth, MDProfessor of Medicine Chief, Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineJed G Nuchtern, MD, FACS, FAAPProfessor of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery DivisionBaylor College of MedicineChiagozie Nwasuruba, MD, FACP, SFHMProfessor of MedicineUT Tyler School of MedicineSharmilee Maria Nyenhuis, MD, FAAAAIAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Section of Allergy & ImmunologyUniversity of ChicagoPaul M O'Byrne, MB, FRCP(C), FRSCDean and Vice President, Faculty of Health Sciences, ProfessorMcMaster University, CanadaMichael F O'Connor, MD, FCCMSection Editor — Surgical Critical CareProfessor, Department of Anesthesia & Critical CareUniversity of ChicagoLiza C O'Dowd, MDAdjunct Assistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineChristopher M Oermann, MDProfessor, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Missouri-Kansas City School of MedicineChristopher S Ogilvy, MDProfessor of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolKelly P O'Keefe, MD, FACEPProgram Director and ProfessorFlorida State University College of MedicineEmergency Medicine ResidencySarasota Memorial HospitalMark D Okusa, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemJ Tod Olin, MD, MSCSAssociate Professor and Director, Pediatric Exercise Tolerance CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology National Jewish HealthJamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, MS, PhDJamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, MSc, PhDProfessor of NeurosciencesFederal University of Bahia, BrazilKenneth R Olivier, MDAssociate ProfessorMayo Clinic, Rochester, MNBrian Olshansky, MDSection Editor — Cardiac ArrhythmiasAdjunct Professor of MedicineDes Moines UniversityEric Olson, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineWilliam G Ondo, MDWeill Cornell Medical SchoolDirector, Movement Disorders, Methodist Neurological CenterDavid Ost, MD, MPHProfessor, Department of Pulmonary MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterJamie Ostroff, PhDBehavioral Sciences Service Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterDawn Owen, MD, PhDAssociate ProfessorRadiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic RochesterMenaka Pai, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor, Hematology and ThromboembolismMcMaster UniversityVernon M Pais, Jr, MD, MSProfessor of Surgery/UrologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthPaul M Palevsky, MDSection Editor — Acute Kidney InjuryProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemDavid Palma, MD, PhDProfessorWestern University, London, CanadaBiff F Palmer, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterScott M Palmer, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterTara N Palmore, MDProfessor of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public HealthProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineHospital EpidemiologistGeorge Washington University HospitalPratik Pandharipande, MD, MSCIProfessor of Anesthesiology and SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineNereida A Parada, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineSection of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Environmental MedicineTulane University School of MedicineElyse R Park, PhD, MPHAssociate Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolDirector of Behavioral Sciences, MGH Tobacco Research & Treatment CenterDirector of Behavioral Science Research, Center for Psychiatric & Behavioral Sciences, MGH Cancer CenterDirector of Behavioral Health Research, MGH Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body MedicineJoong Shin Park, MD, PhDProfessor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySeoul National University College of Medicine, KoreaSairam Parthasarathy, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaShalini Paruthi, MDAdjunct Associate ProfessorSaint Louis University School of MedicineHarvey I Pass, MDStephen E. Banner Professor of Thoracic OncologyNYU Langone Medical CenterPriya J Patel, MDAssistant Professor in Clinical MedicineSection of Allergy and ImmunologyPulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care DivisionPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaThomas F Patterson, MD, FACP, FIDSAChief, Division of Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDirector, San Antonio Center for Medical MycologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioTobias Peikert, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineMayo Clinic, Rochester, MNConstantino Pena, MDMedical Director of Vascular ImagingMiami Cardiac & Vascular InstituteJean Louis Pepin, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical PhysiologyUniversity Joseph FourierMark A Peppercorn, MDProfessor of Medicine EmeritusHarvard Medical SchoolRonald D Perrone, MDSection Editor — Cystic DiseaseProfessor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineHolly Perry, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts School of MedicineStephen Peters, MD, PhD, FACP, FCCP, FAAAAI, ATSF, FCPPDavis Professor and Chief, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Immunologic DiseasesProfessor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Translational SciencesWake Forest School of MedicineKurt Pfeifer, MD, FACP, SFHMChief, Section of Perioperative and Consultative MedicineProfessor of Medicine – General Internal MedicineMedical College of WisconsinRobert Phang, MD, FACC, FHRSElectrophysiologistAlbany Associates in CardiologyPedro A Piedra, MDProfessor of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineJoseph Pilewski, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology, and PediatricsUniversity of PittsburghAmanda Piper, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of Medicine, University of SydneyJames M Pivarnik, PhDProfessor of Kinesiology, Epidemiology, and BiostatisticsMichigan State UniversityThomas A E Platts-Mills, MD, PhDOscar Swineford Professor of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Medical SchoolPhilip J Podrid, MD, FACCProfessor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of MedicineLecturer, Harvard Medical SchoolMarc A Pohl, MDPast, Ray W. Gifford, Jr., MD Endowed Chair in HypertensionConsultant StaffDepartment of Nephrology and HypertensionGlickman Urologic and Kidney InstituteCleveland ClinicWendy J Pomerantz, MD, MSCo-Director, Injury Free Coalition of Greater CincinnatiProfessor of Clinical PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiJacquelyn M Powers, MD, MSAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineAnton Pozniak, MD, FRCPTuberculosis Lead PhysicianChelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustJordan M Prutkin, MD, MHS, FHRSProfessor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology SectionUniversity of WashingtonChing-Hon Pui, MDChair of the Department of OncologyFahad Al-Rashid Chair of Leukemia ResearchSt. Jude's Children's HospitalAmerican Cancer Society Professor Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterCharles D Pusey, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineImperial College, LondonDiana R Quintero, MDClinical Assistant Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee KnoxvilleChristopher Radchenko, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, University of CincinnatiInterventional Pulmonology, Pulmonology aJai Radhakrishnan, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterGerrard Rafferty, PhD, SFHEAReader in Human and Translational Physiology, Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College LondonGanesh Raghu, MDProfessor of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Adjunct)University of Washington School of MedicineRishi Raj, MDClinical Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineStanford University School of MedicineMark E Ralston, MD, MPHAssistant Professor of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesSuresh S Ramalingam, MDProfessorDirector of Medical OncologyDepartment of Hematology and Medical OncologyEmory University, Winship Cancer InstituteJulio A Ramirez, MD, FACPSection Editor — Pulmonary InfectionsProfessor of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleSivakumar R Rathinam, FAMS, PhDProfessor of Ophthalmology and Head of uveitis serviceAravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of OphthalmologyRahul H Rathod, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolChristine C Reardon, MDClinical Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineNancy Reau, MDProfessor of MedicineRichard B. Capps Chair of HepatologyChief, Section of Hepatology Associate Director, Solid Organ TransplantationRush University Medical CenterGregory Redding, MDSection Editor — Pediatric PulmonologyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineGuy S Reeder, MDSection Editor — Coronary DiseaseProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolLee B Reichman, MD, MPHSenior Advisor and Past Executive DirectorRutgers Global Tuberculosis InstituteJohn P Reilly, MD, MSCEAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicineLynn F Reinke, PhD, ARNPAssociate Professor, Presidential Endowed Chair in Palliative and End of Life CareUniversity of Utah, College of NursingAlex Reyentovich, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNYU Langone School of MedicineChanu Rhee, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Population Medicine and MedicineHarvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's HospitalCarlos Roberto Ribeiro de Carvalho, MD, PhDProfessor of Pulmonology and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Sao Paulo, BrazilDavid Richards, MD, FACEPAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineMichael J Richards, MD, FRACPDirector, Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceDirector, VICNISS Coordinating Centre for Surveillance of Healthcare-associated InfectionsThe Royal Melbourne HospitalNancy A Rigotti, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolLee W Riley, MDProfessor of Infectious Diseases and EpidemiologyUniversity of California at BerkeleyBelinda Rivera-Lebron, MD, MS, FCCPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghGianfranco Rizzato, MDPrimario Emerito Internal MedicineNiguarda Hospital (Piazza Ospedale Maggiore)Mark G Roback, MDSection Head, Emergency MedicineChildren's Hospital ColoradoProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAnne Roberts, MDProfessor of RadiologyUCSD Medical SchoolDarren M Roberts, MBBS, PhD, FRACPClinical ToxicologistRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney and NSW Poisons Information CentreSydney Children's Hospital NetworkWestmead, AustraliaMaisha T Robinson, MD, MSAssistant Professor of NeurologyMayo ClinicPaul D Robinson, MBChB, MRCPCH, FRACP, PhDSenior Staff Specialist, Department of Respiratory and Sleep MedicineChildren's Hospital at WestmeadProfessorUniversity of SydneyBrianne Barnett Roby, MDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of MinnesotaDon C Rockey, MDChairman, Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaRichard J Rodeheffer, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolAnja C Roden, MDProfessor of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo Clinic RochesterDiana Rodriguez, MD, MPH, MBA, FACOGMaternal-Fetal Medicine, Steward Healthcare and Baystate Medical CenterLecturer, George Washington School of BusinessLecturer, GE Healthcare (Ultrasound)Tufts Medical SchoolMaria C Rodriguez-Barradas, MDProfessor of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineAndrea H Roe, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorPerelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaTimothy Roehrs, PhDDirector of ResearchHenry Ford Sleep Disorders ClinicGuy Rordorf, MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolCecile Rose, MD, MPHProfessor, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesNational Jewish Medical HealthDennis M Rosen, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolGerald M Rosen, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolHarold N Rosen, MDAssociate Professor in MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIlene M Rosen, MD, MSCEAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineJoseph B Rosen, MDClinical Assistant Professor, Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineRobert S Rosenson, MDSection Editor — LipidsProfessor of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineDirector, Metabolism and LipidsMount Sinai Health SystemKenneth Rosenzweig, MDProfessor and ChairmanDepartment of Radiation OncologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMitchell H Rosner, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemDouglas S Ross, MDSection Editor — Thyroid DiseaseProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolNatalia S Rost, MD, MPHProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolStephen J Roth, MD, MPHProfessor of Pediatrics (Cardiology)Stanford University School of MedicineThomas Roth, PhDAdjunct Clinical Professor of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganJohn M Routes, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology/ImmunologyDepartment of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Medical College of WisconsinJames A Rowley, MDProfessor of MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineJonah N Rubin, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterLewis J Rubin, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineCollege of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityMichael R Rudnick, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineFadel E Ruiz, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineBruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLDSection Editor — Cirrhosis and Its ComplicationsSpecial Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New MexicoErich W Russi, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineZurich University Hospital, SwitzerlandMelissa L Russo, MDAssistant Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and Clinical GeneticistAlpert School of Medicine at Brown UniversityMonique M Ryan, FRACPProfessorUniversity of MelbourneHead, Department of NeurologyRoyal Children's Hospital MelbourneChristopher Ryerson, MDProfessor, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaJay H Ryu, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineKenneth G Saag, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamJeremiah J Sabado, MDClinical Instructor of Radiology and PediatricsSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversitySabina Sabharwal, MD, MPHInstructor in PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolCharlotte Sadler, MDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego (UCSD)Rommel Sagana, MDAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterRichard A Saladino, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineJoseph K Salama, MDProfessorDepartment of Radiation OncologyDuke UniversitySusan Saleeb, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolSteven D Salhanick, MDStaff ToxicologistChildren's Hospital Boston, and The Center for Poison Information & Control;Assistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJohn R Saltzman, MD, FACP, FACG, FASGE, AGAFSection Editor — Therapeutic and Diagnostic EndoscopyProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJonathan M Samet, MD, MSDean and ProfessorColorado School of Public HealthOwen B Samuels, MDProfessor of Neurology and NeurosurgeryEmory UniversityClaudio Sandoval, MDArun J Sanyal, MDProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineBabak Sarani, MD, FACS, FCCMProfessor of Surgery and Emergency MedicineDirector, Center for Trauma and Critical CareGeorge Washington UniversityMichael J Sateia, MDProfessor of Psychiatry (Sleep Medicine), EmeritusGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthWilliam H Sauer, MDDirector, Cardiac ElectrophysiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalKai Saukkonen, MDDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolRichard H Savel, MD, MBA, FCCMProfessor of Clinical MedicineSUNY Downstate College of MedicineGregory Sawicki, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolPaul E Sax, MDSection Editor — HIVClinical DirectorBrigham and Women's HospitalProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolThomas E Scammell, MDSection Editor — HypersomniasProfessor of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolRichard J Scarfone, MD, FAAPAssociate Professor of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaSteven C Schachter, MDSection Editor — EpilepsyProfessor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolMichael Schatz, MD, MSClinical Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineEric Schauberger, DO, PhDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and RheumatologyUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonWilliam Schechter, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and PediatricsColumbia University Medical CenterCarlos H Schenck, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolSteven E Schild, MDSection Editor — Radiation TherapyProfessor of Radiation OncologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineNeil W Schluger, MDBarbara and William Rosenthal Professor and ChairmanNew York Medical CollegeGregory A Schmidt, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational MedicineUniversity of IowaLynn M Schnapp, MDGeorge R And Elaine Love ProfessorUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public HealthJennifer Schreiber, MDGeorgetown University HospitalRichard J Schwab, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterElaine Klinge Schwartz, MD, FCCPAssociate Professor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthMichael D Schwartz, MD, FCCP, FCCMProfessor of MedicineNational Jewish HealthRichard M Schwartzstein, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSarah Jane Schwarzenberg, MDProfessor of PediatricsDirector, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Minnesota Masonic Children's HospitalEdwin Seet Chuen Ping, MBBS, MMedAdjunct Associate ProfessorLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Adjunct Associate ProfessorYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeMårten Segelmark, MD, PhDProfessor in NephrologyLund UniversityLecia V Sequist, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolDavid Seres, MDSection Editor — NutritionDirector of Medical NutritionProfessor of Medicine in the Institute for Human NutritionColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsSanjay Sethi, MDProfessor of Medicine, Division Chief, Pulmonary/Critical Care/Sleep MedicineUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkDaniel J Sexton, MDSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterShirin Shafazand, MD, MS, FRCP(C), FCCP, FAASMProfessor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep MedicineUniversity of Miami, Miller School of MedicineAryeh Shander, MD, FCCM, FCCP, FASAEmeritus Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineEnglewood Hospital and Medical CenterAdjunct Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Medicine and SurgeryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New YorkClinical Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical CareRutgers New JerseyElizabeth Shane, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterRon Shapiro, MDProfessor of SurgerySurgical Director, Kidney/Pancreas Transplant ProgramMount Sinai Hospital - Recanati Miller Transplantation InstituteWes Shepherd, MD, FCCPProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University Health SystemFrancis D Sheski, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineBaha M Sibai, MDProfessor, Maternal-Fetal Medicine DivisionDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesThe University of Texas Medical School at HoustonMark D Siegel, MDProfessor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineReed Siemieniuk, MDGeneral internist and Health research methodologistDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster UniversityEdward D Siew, MD, MSCIAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD)Vanderbilt University Medical CenterMichael H Silber, MBChBProfessor of NeurologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceJennifer N Silva, MDAssociate Professor Pediatrics and Biomedical EngineeringWashington University School of Medicine in Saint LouisRichard H Simon, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health Sciences CenterMichael Simons, MDRobert W Berliner Professor of MedicineYale University School of MedicineLianne G Singer, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoRobert J Singer, MDDirector, Neurovascular TherapeuticsMenorah Medical CenterRakesh K Singh, MD, MSMedical Director, Heart Failure & TransplantationPediatric Cardiology, Hassenfeld Children's HospitalAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of MedicineTP Singh, MD, MScBoston Children's HospitalAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolMarco L A Sivilotti, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FACMT, FAACTProfessor of Emergency Medicine and of Biomedical & Molecular SciencesQueen's University, Kingston CanadaArthur S slu*tsky, MDProfessor of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto School of MedicineGerald W Smetana, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBecky A Smith, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterEdward R Smith, MDDepartment of NeurosurgeryChildren's Hospital BostonHarvard Medical SchoolSharon R Smith, MDEmergency Medicine Physician, Research Director for the Emergency Department,University of ConnecticutMarianna Sockrider, MD, DrPHProfessor of Pediatric PulmonologyBaylor College of MedicinePatrick Soentjens, MDInstitute of Tropical Medicine, AntwerpCentre for Infectious DiseasesMilitary Hospital, BrusselsBenjamin Solomon, MBBS, PhDMedical OncologistPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreDaniel H Solomon, MD, MPHMatthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population HealthProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMichael J Somers, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolShweta Sood, MD, MSAssistant ProfessorDivision of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of PennsylvaniaBrian D Soriano, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics & Adjunct Associate Professor of RadiologyHeart Center, Seattle Children's HospitalUniversity of Washington School of MedicineUlrich Specks, MDProfessor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic RochesterMichael E Speer, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineDenis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPHSection Editor — Bacterial InfectionsAdjunct ProfessorMonash UniversityDavid R Spielberg, MD, MHScAssistant Professor of PediatricsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineDavid Spragg, MD, FHRSAssociate Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins Hospital and Bayview Medical CenterJames E Squires, MD, MSAssociate Professor of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionRenee D Stapleton, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Vermont Larner College of MedicineAnn R Stark, MDProfessor in Residence of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolDirector of Faculty Development, Department of NeonatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterPaul Stark, MDProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoJeffrey R Starke, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineMark M Stecker, MD, PhD, FAAN, FACNS, FASNMPresidentFresno Institute of NeuroscienceVirginia Steen, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University Medical CenterIain Stephenson, MD, FRCPSenior Lecturer in Infectious DiseasesUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, UKTimothy R Sterling, MDProfessor of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineDaniel H Sterman, MDDirector, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine NYU School of Medicine NYU Langone Medical CenterBarney J Stern, MDProfessor, Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins UniversityRichard H Sterns, MDEditor-in-Chief — NephrologySection Editor — Fluid and ElectrolytesProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryDennis L Stevens, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineGarrick C Stewart, MD MPHAssociate Physician, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalPaul C Stillwell, MDSenior Instructor, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusBreathing Institute Children’s Hospital ColoradoThomas E Stinchcombe, MDProfessorDuke Cancer InstituteJeff Stokes, MD, FAAAAI, FACAAIProfessor of PediatricsWashington University in St. Louis School of MedicineAndrew Stolbach, MD, MPH, FAACT, FACMT, FACEPAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityJames K Stoller, MD, MSSection Editor — Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJean Wall Bennett Professor of Medicine, Samson Global Leadership Academy Endowed ChairCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineChairman, Education Institute, Cleveland ClinicJason Stout, MDProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDiane E Stover, MDEditor — Respiratory InfectionsChief, Pulmonary ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterCharlie Strange, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaLisa Strate, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington Medical SchoolJonathan R Strosberg, MDProfessorDepartment of Gastrointestinal OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterJared Strote, MD, MSProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of WashingtonJason R Stubbs, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Nephrology & HypertensionUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterMark K Su, MD, MPHClinical Associate Professor of Emergency MedicineNew York University School of MedicineAruna Subramanian, MDClinical Professor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineHille Suojalehto, MD, PhDChief physician, adjunct professorFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthV Reid Sutton, MDProfessor of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineMaria Suurna, MD, FACSAssociate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Director of Sleep SurgeryWeill Cornell MedicineHans Sviggum, MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiaMayo ClinicDavid M Systrom, MD, FRCPCAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHarold Szerlip, MD, FACP, FCCP, FASN, FNKFClinical Professor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaAdjunct Professor of MedicineTexas College of Osteopathic MedicineMatthew D Sztajnkrycer, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineMayo Medical SchoolAhmed Reda Taha, MD, MRCP, FRCP, FCCP, EDIC, FCCMPrivileged Consultant Critical Care, Adult Cardiac and Transplant Intensive CareInstitute of Critical Care Medicine, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City - Abu DhabiElizabeth A Talbot, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLynn T Tanoue, MDProfessor of MedicineYale School of MedicineRobert C Tasker, MBBS, MDProfessor of Neurology and Anaesthesia (Pediatrics)Harvard Medical SchoolHenry D Tazelaar, MDConsultantMayo Clinic ArizonaGeraldine Colby Zeiler Professor of CytopathologyMayo Clinic Alix College of MedicineJun Teruya, MD, DScProfessor of Pathology & Immunology, Pediatrics, and MedicineBaylor College of MedicineArthur C Theodore, MDClinical Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineHolger Thiele, MD, FESCProfessor of MedicineDirectorHeart Center Leipzig at University of LeipzigGeorge Thomas, MD, MPH, FACP, FASNDirector, Center for Blood Pressure Disorders, Cleveland Clinic Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineKarl W Thomas, MDProfessor of Medicine - Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and ImmunologyWake Forest School of MedicineCharles F Thomas, Jr, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineB Taylor Thompson, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChandler Thompson, DMA, MS, CCC-SLPSpeech-Language Pathologist/Voice Specialist, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyMayo ClinicLinda Thompson, MDCook Children's HospitalFort Worth, TexasCarey C Thomson, MD, MPHAssociate Professor, Harvard Medical SchoolKevin Thornton, MDClinical ProfessorUniversity of California San Francisco School of MedicineKaren J Tietze, PharmDProfessor of Clinical PharmacyPhiladelphia College of PharmacySaint Joseph's UniversityRobert D Timmerman, MDProfessor of Radiation Oncology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas SouthwesternAaron Tobian, MD, PhDSection Editor — Transfusion MedicineProfessor of Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology Director, Transfusion Medicine DivisionSchool of Medicine Bloomberg School of Public Health The Johns Hopkins UniversityRaymond R Townsend, MDProfessor of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaAvram Z Traum, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolAnne S Tsao, MDProfessorThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterElaine I Tuomanen, MDChair, Infectious DiseasesSt Jude Children's Research HospitalTroy Tuttle, MSExercise PhysiologistUniversity of Texas Medical School at HoustonJesus G Vallejo, MDProfessor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineEric Vallières, MD, FRCSCSection Editor — Lung CancerSurgical Director of the Lung Cancer ProgramSwedish Cancer InstituteJohn Varga, MDFrederick G Huetwell ProfessorChief of RheumatologyUniversity of MichiganJoseph Varon, MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM, FRSMProfessor of Acute and Continuing Care, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonClinical Professor of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical BranchMonica S Vavilala, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSara R Vazquez, PharmD, BCPS, CACPClinical PharmacistUniversity of Utah HealthSanthi Swaroop Vege, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo ClinicLarissa I Velez, MDProfessor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterJohn Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FASTSection Editor — Kidney TransplantationAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of MedicineJames Verbsky, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics and Microbiology/ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinSebastien Viatte, MD, PhDLecturer in GeneticsCentre for Genetics and Genomics Versus ArthritisThe University of Manchester, UKR Kasi Visweswaran, MD, DM, FRCP (Edin)Consultant in NephrologyAnanthapuri Hospital and Research InstituteEverett E Vokes, MDJohn E. Ultmann ProfessorChairman, Department of MedicinePhysician-in-Chief, University of Chicago Medicine and Biologic SciencesC Fordham von Reyn, MDSection Editor — Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsProfessor of MedicineGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHarish Vyas, DM, FRCP, FRCPCHProfessor in Paediatric Intensive Care and Respiratory MedicineUniversity Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, EnglandHeather Wakelee, MDProfessor of MedicineStanford Cancer InstituteAllan Walkey, MD, MScProfessor of MedicineThe Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of MedicineAnne M Walling, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of California, Los AngelesMark Waltzman, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolEdward M Weaver, MD, MPHProfessor and Chief of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of WashingtonCo-Director, UW Medicine Sleep CenterTerri E Weaver, PhD, RN, FAAN, ATSFProfessor Emerita of Biobehavioral Nursing ScienceDean EmeritaCollege of NursingUniversity of Illinois ChicagoProfessor Emerita School of NursingUniversity of PennsylvaniaKathryn W Weibrecht, MDEmergency Medicine PhysicianMorton HospitalAaron S Weinberg, MD, MPhilNational Director of Program Development & Clinical Research at Carbon Health Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Internal Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical CenterMiles Weinberger, MDProfessor EmeritusUniversity of IowaSteven E Weinberger, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineExecutive Vice President and CEO EmeritusAmerican College of PhysiciansGerald L Weinhouse, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMelvin P Weinstein, MDEmeritus Professor of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory MedicineRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolScott L Weiss, MDAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and PediatricsThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of PennsylvaniaScott T Weiss, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPeter F Weller, MD, MACPEditor-in-Chief — Infectious DiseasesSection Editor — Tropical MedicineWilliam Bosworth Castle Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolProfessor of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthMatthew Wemple, MDAssociate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSally Wenzel, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghHoward (Jack) West, MDSection Editor — Lung CancerAssociate Clinical ProfessorCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarte, CATimothy Whelan, MDProfessor - Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaDouglas B White, MD, MASVice Chair and Professor of Critical Care Medicine; Director, Program on Ethics and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMichael Wiederkehr, MDAssociate Professor, Department of Internal MedicineTexas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, DallasAngus Wilfong, MDChief of NeurologyBarrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's HospitalProfessor, Child Health and Neurology, University of Arizona - PhoenixEric A Williams, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineJohn W Winkelman, MD, PhDChief, Sleep Disorders Clinical Research ProgramDepartments of Psychiatry and NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalProfessor of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolLisa Wolfe, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineGordon J Wood, MD, MSCI, FAAPHMAssociate Professor of Medicine and Medical EducationSection of Palliative Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineCharles R Woods, MD, MSChair, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee College of Medicine – ChattanoogaGeorge A Woodward, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Signs and SymptomsProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineJohn V Wylie, MD, FACCAssociate Professor of MedicineTufts University of MedicineKazuhiro Yasuf*cku, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoDonald M Yealy, MD, FACEPProfessor and Chair of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PittsburghBrendon Yee, MBChB, PhDProfessor, University of SydneyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Woolco*ck Institute of ResearchG Bryan Young, MD, FRCPCProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Western Ontario, CanadaLisa R Young, MDProfessor of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaMichael P Young, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Nevada at Reno School of MedicineAlan S L Yu, MB, BChirHarry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterTheodore H Yuo, MD, MScAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineAimee Zaas, MD, MHSProfessor of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterKimon C Zachary, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKen Zafren, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, FAWMClinical Professor of Emergency Medicine Stanford University Medical CenterFormer Emergency Programs Medical Director, State of AlaskaRochelle Zak, MDAssociate PhysicianUCSF Sleep Disorders CenterMartin Zamora, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDana Zappetti, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical CollegeJames L Zehnder, MDProfessor of Pathology and Medicine (Hematology)Stanford University School of MedicineCarolyn M Zelop, MDClinical Professor of Ob/GynNew York University School of MedicinePeter J Zimetbaum, MDSection Editor — Cardiac ArrhythmiasProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPeer ReviewersGhazwan Acash, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineTufts Medical SchoolVivek N Ahya, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineBruce S Bochner, MDEditor-in-Chief — Allergy and ImmunologySection Editor — Adult Allergy; AsthmaSamuel M Feinberg Professor of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineKristin M Burkart, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia UniversityTara F Carr, MD, FAAAAIAssociate Professor, Medicine and OtolaryngologyDepartment of Medicine, University of ArizonaColleen Channick, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAAileen Betty Chen, MD, MPPAssociate Professor of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterCarlyne D Cool, MDClinical Professor of PathologyUniversity of Colorado Denver, School of MedicineAffiliate, National Jewish HealthMaria M Crespo, MD, FCCPAssociate ProfessorUniversity of PennsylvaniaPaul F Dellaripa, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChristopher H Fanta, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolKevin R Flaherty, MD, MSSection Editor — Interstitial Lung DiseaseAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health SystemKwun M Fong, MBBS(Lon), FRACP, PhDProfessor, School of Medicine The University of QueenslandAndrew J Goodwin, MD, MSCRAssistant ProfessorDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, University of South CarolinaNishant Gupta, MDSection Editor — Patient PerspectiveAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiMeiLan King Han, MD, MSSection Editor for UpToDate Pathways and Clinical Effectiveness — COPDProfessorUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterKaren Hardinger, PharmD, BCPSClinical ProfessorUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityDaren K Heyland, MD, FRCPC, MScProfessor of MedicineQueen's University, Ontario, CanadaPeter Hopkins, MBBS, FRACPAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Queensland, School of MedicineMike (JMB) Hughes, BM, BCh, MA, DM, FRCPHonorary Professorial Research Fellow, National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College, London,Shaheen Islam, MD, MPH, FCCPDivision Director, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineAugusta University, Medical College of GeorgiaNicholas J Johnson, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineUniversity of WashingtonMarc A Judson, MDChief, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Albany Medical CollegeDavid A Kaminsky, MDProfessor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical CareUniversity of Vermont Larner College of MedicineFayez Kheir, MD, MScAssistant ProfessorDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMarin H Kollef, MDProfessor of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineRobert M Kotloff, MDSection Editor — Lung TransplantationProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineCarla Lamb, MD, FACP, FCCPDirector of Interventional PulmonologyLahey ClinicLorriana Leard, MDProfessor of Clinical MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco*kaiser G Lim, MD, FACCP, FAAAAIAssociate ProfessorMayo Clinic College of MedicineAdnan Majid, MD, FCCPAssociate Professor of Medicine and SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolFabien Maldonado, MD, MScSection Editor — Pleural DiseaseProfessor of Medicine and Thoracic SurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineFernando J Martinez, MD, MSBruce Webster Professor of MedicineJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeStephen A Mette, MDChief Clinical OfficerUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesMark E Mikkelsen, MD, MSCEAssociate ProfessorPulmonary Sciences and Critical CareAssociate Chief Medical Officer, Critical CareUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineSeptimiu Murgu, MDProfessorUniversity of ChicagoGeorge T O'Connor, MDProfessor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineJ Tod Olin, MD, MSCSAssociate Professor and Director, Pediatric Exercise Tolerance CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology National Jewish HealthKarin Pacheco, MD, MSPHAssociate ProfessorDivision of Environmental & Occupational Health SciencesNational Jewish HealthMaria L Padilla, MDProfessor of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineDemosthenes Papamatheakis, MDAssistant Clinical ProfessorUC San Diego Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care MedicineJohn E Parker, MDProfessor of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine & RadiologyWest Virginia UniversityTaine Pechet, MDAssistant Professor of SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaMichael W Peterson, MDEndowed Professor and Chief of MedicineUCSF-FresnoChristine C Reardon, MDClinical Professor of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineKari E Roberts, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care MedicineTufts Medical CenterLynn M Schnapp, MDGeorge R And Elaine Love ProfessorUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public HealthJanet Shapiro, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineColumbia UniversityJeremy M Shefner, MD, PhDSection Editor — Neuromuscular DiseaseProfessor of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Professor of Neurology, University of Arizona, Phoenix Clinical Professor of Neurology, Creighton UniversityWes Shepherd, MD, FCCPProfessor of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University Health SystemLianne G Singer, MD, FRCPCProfessor of MedicineUniversity of TorontoUlrich Specks, MDProfessor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic RochesterVirginia Steen, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University Medical CenterJohn W Stokes, MDThoracic Surgery ResidentVanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Thoracic SurgeryCharlie Strange, MDProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaHenry D Tazelaar, MDConsultantMayo Clinic ArizonaGeraldine Colby Zeiler Professor of CytopathologyMayo Clinic Alix College of MedicineAndrew G Villanueva, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineScott T Weiss, MD, MSProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolIan Yang, MDProfessor, Faculty of Medicine, The University of QueenslandThoracic physician, The Prince Charles Hospital

Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; the major manifestations are Chagas cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal disease [1].Issues related to the epidemiology and prevention of Chagas disease, acute and chronic Chagas infection, and cardiac Chagas are dis

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a unifying term that brings together a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative syndromes that used to be referred to as olivopontocerebellar atrophy, striatonigral degeneration, and Shy-Drager syndrome. They have similar pathology and are characterized by various degr